IsiKhokelo soBume besiXhosa

by URobert Silva

Ukukhawuleza ngokukhawuleza kwiifom zengqungquthela ezungeleleyo ezikhoyo kwikhaya lasekhaya

Umsindo ojikelezayo uhambelana namava asekhaya. Ukufumana ezinye iinkcukacha malunga neefom zomsindo ezizungezile kunye naluphi ukhetho olufumanekayo kwikhaya lezemidlalo ukujonga isicatshulwa sam esicatshulwayo esilawulezayo esicwangcisiweyo, esibonakalisa amafomathi amakhulu asetyenziswayo. Iifom zifakwe kwi-alfabhethi, zihamba kunye nenkcazo emfutshane, kunye nekhonkco ukuya kumaxwebhu apheleleyo okuseta ngokugcwele kunye neenkcukacha zobugcisa.

Kwakhona, ukumba ubunzulu kwiimbali kunye neziseko ezisisiseko sogqirha, kunye nento oyifunayo ngokwenene, jonga kumanqaku am: I- Sound surround - I-Audio Side yeTheater yasekhaya kunye Nento Ephilileyo kunye Nendlela Ndifumana ngayo?

Audyssey DSX

Audyssey Laboratories, Inc.

I-Audyssey DSX (i-Dynamic Surround Expansion) iyifomathi yokusingqongileyo eyi-sound evumela ukuba ukongezwa kwezivakalisi eziphakamileyo eziphambili, kodwa iquka ukufakelwa kwezithethi ezisekhohlo / zangasese eziphakamileyo ezibekwe phakathi kwephambi kwesobunxele nangakwesokudla kwaye zijikeleze izivakalisi ezisekhohlo nezilungileyo. Akukho mxholo okhokhelwe ngale fomathi, endaweni yoko, ummkeli wecandelo lekhaya elibandakanya i-Audyssey DSX ihlalutya iingcamango zesandi kwi-2,5, okanye i-7track soundtrack kwaye yandisa intsimi yesandi kwisakhiwo sesithethi esithile esisetyenzisiweyo. Kaninzi "

Auro 3D Audio

I-Auro3D yeeNkcukacha zeeNqabileyo ILogo and Scholar Engine. Umfanekiso obonelelwe yiD & M Holdings

Kwinqanaba lexesha elizungezile lomsindo wekhaya, i-Auro 3D Audio yinkomfa esona sona sisona esona sincinane kunazo zonke esitholakalayo kubathengi. Nangona kunjalo, kunzima kakhulu ukusetha.

I-Auro 3D Audio yinguqulo yomthengi we-Barco Auro 11.1 iseshoni ejikelezayo yendlela yokudlala eyiyo esetyenziswe kwezinye iidema zorhwebo.

Kwindawo yendawo yaseshashalazini, i-Auro 3D Audio ngumncintiswano kwiDolby Atmos kunye ne-DTS: X ifomathi ezizungezile ezizungezile.

Ngokubhekiselele kwisilungiselelo sesithethi, i-Auro 3D Audio iqala ngocingo lwesitishi sesiteshi esingu-5.1 kunye ne-subwoofer, ngoko, ngasentla ukuba isakhiwo sesithethi (ngasentla kwisithuba sokuphulaphula) sisinye isethi sezithethi zangaphambili nezangeenxa zithunyelwa kwinqanaba 1 kunye neyesi-2.

Inqanaba 1 li-5.1 iziteshi-phambi kwesobunxele, isikhungo, phambi kwesokudla, ijikelezo ezisekhohlo, i-right surround, kunye ne-subwoofer), iNqanaba 2 liLuhlu lokuPhakamisa - phambi kwekhohlo, kumbindi, phambili, ngakwesobunxele, ejikelezileyo), oku kubangela Ukusekwa kwesithethi se-9.1.

Nangona kunjalo, nangona kungabikho kufuna, ukufumana inzuzo epheleleyo ye-Audio 3D Audio, nawe, kufuneka udibanise esinye isithethi esiphezulu esilungileyo esabekwa ngokuthe ngqo ngasesikhundleni sokumamela. Oku kongeza ukukhethwa kwesikhulumi sesithethi kubhekiselwa kuyo njengesiteshi seVOG (ilizwi likaThixo). Inani elipheleleyo lezithethi (ezingabandakanyi i-subwoofer) li-10.

I-Auro 3D Audio ifom ye-decoding kunye neyokucubungula. Ukuba i-Blu-ray Disc okanye enye imithombo yomxholo ohambelana nekhowudi kunye ne-Auro 3D, kunye ne-receiver yakho yasekhaya ifumaneke isibhengezo esiyimfuneko, iya kusasaza isandi njengoko kuhlosiwe. Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo ye-Auro 3D Audio iquka umxube wokuxuba, ukuze ufumane ezinye zeenzuzo ze-Audio 3D Audio kumxholo wesi-2, 5, kunye no-7 weseshini.

Ukufikelela kwi-Auro 3D Ifom ye-Audio ifumaneka kuphela kwi-home-end receptors receptors kunye ne-AV preamp processors. Kaninzi "

Dolby Atmos

I-Dolby I-Offmos yaseburhulumenteni. ILogo provided by Dolby Labs

I-Dolby Atmos yinkqubo ecwangcisiweyo ye-surroundings eyenziwe ngo-2012, ekuqaleni njengefomathi yomsindo wezorhwebo, inika iziganeko ezingama-64 zomsindo ojikelezayo ngokudibanisa phambili, ecaleni, ngasemva, emva, nangaphezulu. I-Dolby Atmos iyimfomathi ekhethiweyo yokudibanisa i-encoding format eyenzelwe ukubonelela ngamava okulaphula ngokuzungezile.

Ngoku kulungele ukusetshenziswa kwendlu yasesekhaya, i-Dolby Atmos iyatholakala kwi-Blu-ray kunye ne-Ultra HD ye-Blu-ray Disc ukukhishwa, kwaye inikezela ngeendlela ezininzi zokusetha izithethi (kuxhomekeke kwimpawu / umzekelo we-receiver home). okanye ezili-11 iziteshi (ezi zimbalwa ezithethi zingaphantsi kwama-64!).

Ngezona ziphumo ezilungileyo, kukhuthazwa ukuba abathengi basebenzise izithethi eziphakamileyo zendawo eziphakamileyo. Nangona kunjalo, i-Dolby, ngokubambisana nabenzi abaninzi beendawo zemidlalo baye bahlaziya imilinganiselo yokubetha izithethi ezitshoyo ezinokuthi zifakwe kwiibhalela zeencwadi kunye neendlela zokuma phantsi, okanye njengama modyuli ahlukeneyo anokufakwa kwiindawo eziphezulu zeencwadi zokufunda okanye izithethi zokuma. Kaninzi "

I-Dolby Digital, iDolby Digital EX, i-Dolby Digital Plus

I-Dolby Digital Family.

I-Dolby Digital yinkqubo yokudibanisa idijithali yeempawu zomsindo ezingagqitywa ngummkeli okanye i-preamplifier ngeDodby Digital decoder.

I-Dolby Digital idla ngokubizwa ngokuba yinkqubo ye-surround surroundings. Nangona kunjalo, ku funeka kuqatshelwe ukuba igama elithi "Dolby Digital" libhekisela kwidijithali yedijithali yesignali yomsindo, kungabi naziphi iziteshi. Ngamanye amagama, iDolby Digital ingaba yiMonophonic, i-2-channel, ezine-channel, okanye 5.1 iziteshi. Nangona kunjalo, kwizicelo zayo eziqhelekileyo, i-Dolby Digital 5.1 idla ngokubizwa ngokuba yiDolby Digital kuphela.

I-Dolby Digital EX isekelwe kwi-teknoloji esele isetyenziswe kwiDolby Digital 5.1. Le nkqubo yongeza isiteshi sesithathu esingaphaya kweso sithuba esibekwe ngqo emva komphulaphuli.

Ngamanye amagama, umphulaphuli unesineji yephambili yangaphambili, kunye neDolby Digital EX, isiteshi seziko langemuva. Ukuba ulahlekelwa ukubalwa, iziteshi zibhalwe ngezantsi: I-Front Front, i-Centre, i-Front Front, i-Right Around, i-Surround Right, i-Subwoofer, kunye ne-Surround Back Centre (6.1) okanye i-Backround Back Left kunye ne-Backround Back Right (enoba yinto enye iseshini - ngokweDolby Digital EX ukucacisa). Oku kufuna enye i-amplifier kunye ne-decoder ekhethekileyo kwi-A / V Surround Receiver.

I-Dolby Digital Plus yandisa intsapho yeDolby Digital ukuya kuma-7.1. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukongeza kwiithethi ezizungeze ngekhohlo kunye nekunene, kunika amandla okufumana iibini ezisekhohlo kunye neentloko ezizungeze izivakalisi.

I-Dolby Digital kunye nee-soundtracks ze-EX ziyafumaneka kwiDVD, ii-Blu-ray Discs, kunye nomxholo wokuhambisa, ngelixa i-Dolby Digital Plus ifumaneka kwi-Blu-ray kunye nomxholo wokuhambisa. Kaninzi "

I-Dolby Pro Logic, iPrologic II, ne-IIX

I-Dolby Pro-Logic II ILogo. ILogo provided by Dolby Labs

I-Dolby Pro Logic icoca iCandelo leZiko elizinikezelweyo kunye neSiteshi esilaphayo ukusuka kumxholo wesibini. Ijelo leZiko lichaneka ngokuchanekileyo intetho yencoko (oku kufuna ukuba isithethi seziteshi zesebe siphumelele ngokupheleleyo) kwi-soundtrack ye-movie. Kwakhona, kukho umzila ongasemva, kodwa nangona isiteji esingqongileyo sisebenzise ezimbini izithethi, zisasaza isignophonic monophonic, ukukhawulela ukuhamba kwangaphambili kunye nokuhamba kwesinye icala kunye nokufakwa kwesandi.

I-Dolby Pro Logic II yinkqubo yekhompyutheni yokusingqongileyo ephilileyo, eyenziwe ngokubambisana nguJim Fosgate kunye neDolby Labs.

I-Dolby Pro-Logic II iteknoloji inokudala indawo ejikelezileyo yendawo ye-channel evela kuyo nayiphina imithombo yesibini (njengama-stereo CD kunye neeRekodi zeVinyl) kunye nakwi-4-Channel Dolby Surround.

Nangona ehlukileyo i-Dolby Digital 5.1 okanye i-DTS (ekuxutywa kamva kuleluhlu), apho iqela ngalinye lihamba ngayo inkqubo yalo yokudibanisa / yokwenza i-decoding, i-Pro Logic II yenza ukusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kwe-matrix-ukuhambisa u-5.1 omele ifilimu ye-stereo okanye umculo womculo.

I-Dolby Pro Logic IIx yintuthuko kwiDolby Pro-Logic II, equka ukongezwa kwamashanela emibini emva, ngaphezu kwe-Dolby Pro-logic II iziteshi ezi-5.1, okwenza i-Dolby Pro-logic IIx ibe yinkqubo yokujikeleza izithuthi ze-7.1.

I-Dolby Pro Logic IIz

I-Dolby Pro Logic IIz I-Offline. Umfanekiso onikezelwe yiDolby Labs

I-Dolby Pro Logic IIz ifomathi yokusingqongileyo eyi-sound ehamba phambili kwiDolby Atmos. Ngokungafani neDolby Atmos, umxholo awunakufuneka ungeniswe ngokukodwa, oku kuthetha ukuba nayiphina imithombo yamashishini angama-2, ama-5 okanye a-7 angazuza. I-Dolby Pro Logic IIz inikeza ukhetho lokufakela izithethi ezimbini eziphambili ezibekwe ngaphezu kwezithethi eziphambili nezisekunene. Esi sici sinezela "icandelo" okanye icandelo eliphambili kwi-surround sound field (enkulu imvula, i-helicopter, imiphumo ye-flyover). I-Dolby Prologic IIz ingafakwa kwi-channel ye-5.1 okanye i-7.1 yokuseta isiteshi.

I-Yamaha inikeza iteknoloji efana nenye kwezinye iindwendwe zentlalontle zayo ezibizwa ngokuba yi-Presence. Kaninzi "

Dolby TrueHD

I-Official Dolby TrueHD ILogo. I-Dolby Labs nge-Wikimedia Commons

I-Dolby TrueHD yinkcazo ephakamileyo ye-digital-based based sound format encoding esekela kwii-8-iziteshi ze-decoding ezungezile kunye ne-bit-to-bit efana ne-studio master recording. I-Dolby TrueHD yenye yeefomathi ezivakalayo ezifakwe kwaye ziqeshwe kwifom ye-Blu-ray Disc, kwaye, ngaphambili yangoku ifomathi ye-HD-DVD. I-Dolby TrueHD ihanjiswa kwi-Blu-ray Disc okanye nezinye izixhobo zokudlala ezihambelanayo nge-interface yoxhumano lwe-HDMI. Kaninzi "

Somlomo onguDolby

Somlomo oyiNtetho yeDolby. IDolby Labs

Somlomo onguDolby wenzelwe ukwenza amava okuzungezekileyo anikezela ukukholelwa ukuba uphulaphule inkqubo yesithethi esipheleleyo kodwa usebenzise izithethi ezimbini kunye ne-subwoofer.

Somlomo oyiNtloko kaDolby, xa isetyenziswe kwimithombo ephezulu ye stereo, njengeCD, yakha i-soundstall widst. Nangona kunjalo, xa imithombo ye stereo idibene neDVDs encoded iDVD edlalwa, isithethi saseDolby esiyinyani senza umfanekiso wesandi esicatshulwa ngu-5.1 usebenzisa iteknoloji eyenza ingcamango yomsindo kunye nendlela abantu abava ngayo isandi kwindawo engokwemvelo, eyenza ukuba uphawu lwezandi olujikelezayo luphinde luphindwe ngaphandle kokufuna izilwanyana ezintlanu, ezintandathu, okanye ezisixhenxe. Kaninzi "

I-DTS (ekwabizwa ngokuba yiDTS Digital Surround)

I-DTS Digital Surround ILogo. Umfanekiso onikwe iDTS

I-DTS yi-encoding ye-5.1 kunye ne-decoding format yomsindo ojikelezayo efana ne-Dolby Digital 5.1, kodwa i-DTS isebenzisa ukunyanzeliswa okuncinci kwinkqubo yokudibanisa. Ngenxa yoko, abaninzi banomuvo wokuthi i-DTS ineyona mphumo engcono ekupheleni kokuphulaphula.

Ukongezelela, ngelixa i-Dolby Digital ihloselwe ngokubanzi kwi-Movie Soundtrack, i-DTS iphinda isetyenziswe ekuxubeni nasekuveleni kwemidlalo yomculo.

Ukufikelela kwi-DTS ngolwazi olufakwe kwi-CD kunye neeDVD, kufuneka ube ne-receiver ye-home or preamplifier ene-DTS encodisi ye-DTS, kunye ne-CD kunye / okanye umdlali weDVD ohamba ngeDTS. Kaninzi "

DTS 96/24

I-DTS esemthethweni 96/24 ILogo. Umfanekiso onikwe iDTS

I-DTS 96/24 ayikho inxalenye ehlukileyo yomsindo ojikelezayo kodwa iinguqulelo "ephakamileyo" ye-DTS 5.1 engayibhaliswa kwiDVD. Esikhundleni sokusebenzisa izinga lokulinganisa le-DTS 48kHz eliqhelekileyo, izinga lokulinganisa i-96kHz liqeshwe. Kwakhona, umgangatho ophezulu we-16-bit, ubunzulu buncinwe bunwezelwa kwiibitshi ezingama-24.

Yiyiphi into echazwe ngentla apha kukuthi kukho ulwazi oluthe xaxa lwengxolo olufakwe kwisandi, ukuguqulela kwiinkcukacha ezingaphezulu kunye nokuguqulwa xa kudlalwa kwiinkcukacha ezihambelana ne-96/24, ezibandakanya iindwendwe ezininzi zentlalo.

Kwakhona, nangona i-device yakho okanye i-home receiver receiver ayikho into ehambelana ne-96/24, leyo ayiyona ingxaki njengamadivayisi angahambelani nayo ingafikelela kwizinga lokulinganisa le-48kHz kunye no-16-bit ubuncinci obukhoyo kwi-soundtrack. Kaninzi "

I-DTS Circle Surround kunye ne-Circle Surround II

Sondeza umzobo we Surround. Umfanekiso kunye neMahia enikezelwe yi-DTS

Nangona i-Dolby Digital kunye ne-DTS ndlela ijikeleze isandi esivela kwinqanaba elithe ngqo (izandi ezithile ezivela kwiithethi ezithile), i-Circle Surround igxininisa ukucwiliswa okumsindo.

Umthombo wesiqhelo oqhelekileyo 5.1 uqhotyoshelwe kumashishini amabini, kwakhona uhlaziywe kwakhona kumashishini angama-5.1 kwaye ubuyiselwe kwakhona kwiisithethi ezingama-5 (kunye ne-subwoofer) ngendlela efana nokwenza isandi esingakumbi sokusilahla ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa izikhokelo zokuqala 5.1 imithombo yomthombo wesiteshi.

I-Circle Surround inikezela ukuphuculwa kweDolby Digital kunye nemithombo engumxholo wezandi ezizungezile ngaphandle kokuhlambalaza injongo yentsusa yomxube we-surround sound.

I-Circle Surround II yongeza i-channel yangaphambili yeziko, ukunika i-anchor izandi ezivela ngqo emva komphulaphuli. Kaninzi "

DTS-ES

I-DTS-ES ye-Official. Umfanekiso onikwe iDTS

I-DTS-ES ibhekisela kwiinkqubo ezimbini ze-encoding / i-decoding yesiteshi se-6.1, iDTS-ES Matrix kunye ne-DTS-ES 6.1.

I-DTS-ES i-Matrix inokudala isiteshi esivela ngasemva kwii-DTS 5.1 ezikhowudiweyo, ngoxa i-DTS-ES 6.1 I-discrete idinga ukuba isofthiwe edlalwa sele ine-DTS-ES 6.1. I-DTS-ES kunye ne-DTS-ES 6.1 Amafayili adibeneyo ahambelanayo ngasemva kunye ne-5.1 DTS Receivers kunye neeDVD ezifakwe kwiDVD.

Ezi fom aziqhelwanga ngokuqhelekileyo kwiDVD kwaye ziphantse zingekho kwii-Blu-ray Discs. Kaninzi "

I-DTS-HD I-Master Audio

I-DTS- Umfanekiso onikwe iDTS

Ifana neDolby TrueHD, i-DTS-HD Master Audio yinkcazelo ephezulu yedijithali esekelwe kwimiyalezo ejikelezayo yenkxaso yesondlo exhasa izithuba ezi-8 zendawo yokujikeleza ngeenxa zonke, kunye nezinga lokuphakama eliphezulu kunezinye iifom zeDTS eziqhelekileyo.

I-DTS-HD I-Master Audio enye yeefomathi ezivakalayo eziye zenzelwe kwaye ziqeshwe yi-Blu-ray Disc kunye nefomati ye-HD-DVD ekhoyo ngoku. Ukufikelela kwi-DTS-HD Master Audio, kufuneka ifakwe kwi-Blu-ray Disc okanye enye ifomathi yeendaba ezihambelanayo kwaye ithunyelwe nge-interface ye-HDMI yoxhumano kwi-home-receiver receiver ene-DTS-HD kwi-DM-HD. Kaninzi "

I-DTS Neo: 6

I-DTS Neo: 6. Umfanekiso nguRobert Silva - Ilayisenisi ku-About.com

I-DTS Neo: 6 ifomati ehambelana nomxholo osebenza ngendlela efanayo kwiDolby Prologic II kunye ne-IIx (ekukhankanywe ngaphambili kweli nqaku). Ukuba unemceiver yasekhaya eyenza i-DTS Neo: 6 ukucubungulwa komsindo, iya kukhishwa iteksi ye-6.1 (ngaphambili, ephakathi, ekunene, ekhohlo, ekhohlo, kwindawo yangasemva) kwintsimi ekhoyo efana ne-analog, CD stereo, irekhodi le vinyl, okanye i-stereo movie soundtrack okanye ukusasazwa kweTV. Kwakhona, nangona i-DTS Neo: 6 yinkqubo yesiteji yesithandathu, isiteshi sokubuyela emuva siyakwazi ukwahlula phakathi kwezibini ezimbini. Kaninzi "

I-DTS Neo: X

I-DTS esemthethweni Neo: X ILogo. Umfanekiso onikwe iDTS

I-DTS Neo: I-X yayisungulwe ngokutsha yi-DTS njenge-counter to Dolby's ProLogic IIz kunye neefomati ezizungezile ze-DSX ze-DSX. I-DTS Neo: I-X yindlela yesandi ejikelezileyo ye-11.1.

Le fomethi ayifuni ukudibanisa imisindo yee-soundtracks ngokukodwa kwi-field sound sound field. I-DTS Neo: Inkqubo ye-X iklanyelwe ukukhangela iingcamango ezisekho kwii-stereo, 5.1 okanye kwi-7.1 zokudlala izitishi ezingenelwayo ekubekeni kwintsimi yesandi esandisiweyo ebandakanya ukuphakama kwangaphambili kunye neziteshi ezibanzi.

I-DTS Neo: I-X inokwenziwa kwakhona ukuba isebenze ngaphakathi kwimeko yesiteshi ye-9.1 okanye ye-7.1, kwaye ufumana abafumana i-DTS Neo: i-X ifake izikhetho ze-7.1 okanye ze-9.1. Kule meko yeesetups, iziteshi ezongezelelweyo "zihlanjelwe" kunye nohlobo lwesiteshi se-9.1 okanye 7.1 olukhoyo, kwaye alusebenzi ngendlela efanelekileyo njengendlela yokumisa iziteshi ezine-11.1, inika ulwazi olusongeziweyo lwamazwi angqonge kwi-5.1, 7.1 okanye Uhlobo lwesiteshi 9.1.

Enye into ekufuneka uyiqaphele kukuba i-DTS ithathe umhlala phantsi kwi-Neo: X kwiimiboniso zeekhaya ezihambelanayo ne-DTS: X ifom yeenxa zonke, exoxwa ngayo ngokulandelayo. Kaninzi "

DTS: X

Isixhobo soNxibelelwano lwe-MDA kunye ne-DTS: X ILogo. Izithombe ezinikezelwa yi-DTS

Ukuphuhliswa kwinqanaba elifanayo, kunye nokufana okufana neDolby Atmos, i-DTS: X Ifom ejikelezileyo ijikeleze ifomathi yokuhlaziya apho izinto ezivakalayo zingafakwa kwindawo ye-3-Dimensional, kunokuba zinikezelwe iziteshi ezithile okanye izithethi.

Nangona i-DTS: I-X idinga umxholo wekhowudi (Blu-ray okanye i-Ultra HD Blu-ray), ayifuni isakhiwo sithethi esithile, njengeDolby Atmos. Nangona ikwazi ukusebenza kakuhle ne-Dolby Atmos isetyenziso sesithethi, kwaye abaninzi abafumana iimboniselo zasekhaya ezibandakanya i-Dolby Atmos, zibandakanya i-DTS: X (ngamanye amaxesha ukubuyekezwa kwe-firmware kuyadingeka).

Ukusekwa kwendawo yokuqulunqwa kwemidlalo eyenziwe ngokufanelekileyo ebonisa iDTS: I-X yokwenza i-audio decoding izakubeka imephu kwi-DTS ekhethiweyo: I-X isigqirha kwi-2.1, 5.1, 7.1, okanye nayiphi na isithuba seSikhumbuzo se-Dolby Atmos. Kaninzi "

DTS Eyona nto: X

I-DTS eyiyo: X Imifanekiso kunye nomzobo. Izithombe ezinikezwa yi-Xperi / iDTS nge-PRNewswire

I-DTS eyiyo: I-X iyifomathi yokucoca i-sound surroundings entsha eyenza iiprogram ze-soundfield eziphezulu / eziphezulu ngaphandle kwesidingo sokongeza izithethi ezingaphezulu. Ukusebenzisa i-algorithms eziyinkimbinkimbi, iindlebe zakho zikhohliswa ekuphakameni kweendlebe, phezulu, nangaphezulu.

Nangona kungabi ngempumelelo njengokuba kunesithethi esiphezulu somzimba, iyakunqumla kwisithethi sithethi.

I-DTS Eyona nto: X inokongeza ukuphakanyiswa kokuphakama kwimizila yesibini yomzila wesitereji kunye nomxholo wezandi ojikelezayo. Kukulungele ukusetyenziswa kwiibharari zee-soundbars, apho zonke izithethi zihlala ngaphakathi kwikhabhinethi enye. Nangona kunjalo, ingasetyenziselwa kwiimidlalo zokuzonwabisa zasekhaya. Kaninzi "