Imveliso ye-elektroniki idla ngokuphindaphindiweyo imizila yeesekethe, kodwa njengoko uhlaziya iindawo ezikhoyo zemizi-mveliso yecomputer, ii-circuits eziqhelekileyo, iissysystem kunye neepomode zifunyanwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Ezi zijikelezo eziqhelekileyo zijikelezayo ezilula kakhulu ukuyila, ukusebenza kunye nokuvavanya. Eli nqaku lixubusha ezilishumi eziphezulu kwiisekethe eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziswe kwikhompyutha.
1. Uhlu loKhuseleko
Esinye sezijikelezo eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziswe kwikhompyutheni ngumhluleli othobekileyo. Umhlukanisi okhuselekileyo yindlela enkulu yokulahla umbane wesignali kwibala elifunayo. Abahluleli abahlaselayo banika iingenelo zendleko eziphantsi, ukulungiswa koyilo, amacandelo ambalwa kwaye bathatha indawo encinane kwibhodi. Nangona kunjalo, abahluleli abanokuhlengahlengayo banokufaka umthwalo ngokugqithiseleyo umqondiso onokutshintsha uphawu ngokubanzi. Kwiimfuno ezininzi, le mpembelelo ayimncinci kwaye iyamkeleka, kodwa abaqulunqi kufuneka baqaphele impembelelo yokuba umhlukanisi okhuselekileyo unokufumana kwisiphaluka.
2. OpAmps
I-OpAmps nayo iyanceda kakhulu ekuqhubheni isalathisi ngelixa ikhuthaza okanye ihlula umqondiso wegalelo. Oku kufikeleleka kakhulu xa isibonakaliso sifuna ukulandelwa ngaphandle kokuchaphazeleka kwesekethe esenza iliso. Kwakhona ukhetho kunye nokwahlula okukhethiweyo kukuvumela uluhlu olungcono lokubona okanye ukulawula.
3. Umgangatho weShifter
Iikhompyutheni zanamhlanje zizele zipsyps ezifuna iminyathelo ehlukeneyo yokusebenza. Iiproseshini zamandla aphantsi zihlala zisebenza kwi-3.3 okanye 1.8v ngelixa izixhobo ezininzi zisebenza kwi-volts ezi-5. Ukufakela phakathi kwezi zintlobo ezahlukeneyo kwindlela efanayo kufuna ukuba izibonakaliso zitshitshiswe okanye zinyuswe kwiqondo elifunekayo le-chip ngalinye. Isisombululo esisodwa kukuba kusetyenziswe isiphaluka esitshintshileyo esekelwe kwiFET esixutywe kwi- Philips AN97055 App Note okanye icebo lokuguqula izinga lokuzinikela. Izitshixo zokuguqula amanqanaba zilula kakhulu ukuphumeza kwaye zidinga amacandelo ambalwa angaphandle, kodwa zonke zinemibuzo yazo yokubambisana kunye neendlela ezihambelanayo.
4. Abahluzi beFayile
Zonke iikhompyutheni zithinteka kwingxolo yekhompyutha eyenza ukuziphatha okungalindelekanga, ukunyaniseka okanye ukuyeka ngokupheleleyo ukusebenza kwe-elektroniki. Ukongeza i- capacitor yecebo lokucoca kwizixhobo zamandla kwi-chip kunokunceda ukuphelisa ingxolo kwinkqubo kwaye ikhuthazwa kuwo onke ama-microchips (jonga i-datasheet ye-chips ye-capacitor best to use). Iifowuni zingasetyenziselwa ukucoca igalelo lempawu zokunciphisa ingxolo kumgca wesigcawu.
5. Ukuvala / ukuCima
Ukulawulwa kwamandla kwiinkqubo kunye neessystem kusisidingo esifanayo kwi-elektroniki. Kukho iindlela eziliqela zokuphumeza esi siphumo kubandakanya ukusebenzisa umtshintshi okanye ulayisho. Ukugqithisa ngokuzimeleyo ngenye yezindlela eziphambili kwaye zilula ukuphumeza ukutshintsha / ukuvala utshintsho kwi-sub-circuit.
6. Iingcatshulwa zombane
Xa kulandelwa imilinganiselo yokuchaneka, kubonakala kufuneke ukuba kufumaneke i-voltage reference reference. Iingcingo zengxowankulu zivela kwiincinci ezimbalwa kunye neemeko kunye kunye nezicelo ezincinci kangangoko i-divistive voltage divider ingabonelela ngokufanelekileyo.
7. Izixhobo zombane
Yonke isiphaluka idinga amandla okusebenza, kodwa izijikelezo ezininzi zifuna iminyango emininzi kuyo yonke i-chip ukuze isebenze. Ukunyuka kombane ophezulu kumbane ophantsi kunento elula usebenzisa i-voltage reference ye-applications low power, okanye i-voltage regulators okanye i-dc-dc converters ingasetyenziselwa ezinye izicelo ezifunayo. Xa ukuphakama okuphakamileyo kuyadingeka ukusuka kumthombo ophantsi we-voltage, i-dc-dc isinyathelo sokuguqulwa ingasetyenziselwa ukuvelisa iminyango eqhelekileyo kunye namanqanaba okuguqula okanye okucwangcisiweyo.
8. Umthombo wamanje
Ii-Voltages zilula ukuba zisebenze kunye nesiphaluka, kodwa kwezinye izicelo ezikhoyo zikhoyo zifunekayo njengento ye- thermistor based temperature sensor okanye ukulawula amandla okuphuma kwe-laser diode okanye i-LED. Imithombo yangoku iyenziwa lula kwi-BJT okanye i-MOSFET transistors, kunye neenkalo ezimbalwa zexabiso eliphantsi. Iinguqulelo zamandla aphezulu zamithombo zangoku zifuna izixhobo ezongezelelweyo kwaye zifuna ukubunjwa okukrakra okukhulu ukulawula ngokuchanekileyo nangokuthembekileyo okwangoku.
9. Umlawuli oMncinci
Phantse yonke imveliso yecomputer eyenziwe namhlanje ine-microcontroller entliziyweni yayo. Nangona kungengowomlinganiselo wesiphaluka olula, abalawuli be-microcontrollers banikela isicwangciso esilungisiweyo sokwakha nayiphi na imveliso yeemveliso. Amandla amancinci amancinci (ngokuqhelekileyo a-8-bit) aqhuba izinto ezininzi ezivela kwi-microwave yakho ukuya kwibrashi yakho yezinyo zombane. Amanqanaba amancinci angakumbi anokusetyenziswa ukulinganisela ukusebenza kweenjini yakho ngokulawula ulawulo lwamafutha kumbasa oshisayo ngelixa uhamba neminye imisebenzi emxeshanye.
10. I-ESD Protection
Imbimbi ekhohliwe rhoqo kwimveliso yekhompyutha iquka ukufakwa kwe-ESD kunye nokukhuselwa kwamandla. Xa izixhobo zisetyenzisiweyo kwihlabathi langempela ziyakwazi ukuxhomekeka kwimibhobho ephezulu eyenza iiphene zenzeke kwaye ziwonakalise iichips (cinga nge-ESD njengombane obuncinane obuncinane obuhlasela i-microchip). Ngelixa i-ESD kunye ne-microchips yokukhusela i-voltage zangasese zifumaneka, ukukhuselwa ngokusisiseko kunokwenziwa ngama-diener e-simple egcinwe kwiinqununu ezibalulekileyo kwi-electronics, ngokuqhelekileyo kwiimpawu eziphambili kunye nalapho izibonakaliso zingena okanye ziphume kwisiphaluka kwilizwe langaphandle.