Awukwazi ukuyiqonda kodwa usebenzisa isofthiwe yomthombo ovulekile phantse yonke imihla
I-software yomthombo ovulekileyo (OSS) isofthiwe apho ikhowudi yomthombo ibonakala kwaye iguqulwa luluntu, okanye "ivule". Xa ikhowudi yomthombo engabonakaliyo kwaye ingatshintshwa luluntu, ithathwa ngokuba "ivaliwe" okanye "i-proprietary".
Ikhowudi yomthombo yiyona nxalenye yeprogram yeprogram eyenziwa ngabasebenzisi ukuba abaqhele ukujongwa. Ikhodi yomthombo ibeka imiyalelo yendlela isofthiwe isebenza ngayo nendlela zonke iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zesofthiwe zisebenza ngayo.
Indlela Abasebenzisi Abanceda ngayo kwi-OSS
I-OSS ivumela abaprojekthi ukuba bahlanganyele ekuphuculeni isofthiwe ngokufumana nokulungisa iziphene kwiikhowudi (izilungiso zegciwane), ukuhlaziya isofthiwe ukusebenza kunye nekhnoloji entsha, nokudala iimpawu ezintsha. Inkqubo yentsebenziswano yeqela leeprojekti ezivulekileyo zeprojekti ezivulekileyo zisebenzise isofthiwe kuba iziphene zenziwe ngokukhawuleza, izixhobo ezintsha zongezwa kwaye zikhutshwe kaninzi, isofthiwe isomelele ngakumbi ngabaprogram abaninzi ukukhangela iimpazamo kwikhowudi, kwaye ukuhlaziywa kwezokuphepha kusetyenziswa ngokukhawuleza kuneenkqubo ezininzi zeprosoft software.
Ininzi i-OSS isebenzisa enye inguqu okanye uguquko lwe-GNU Jikelele yeLayisense yeLuntu (GNU GPL okanye i-GPL). Indlela elula yokucinga ngeGPL efana nesithombe esiseburhulumenteni. I-GPL kunye nesizinda sobuntu zivumela umntu ukuba aguqule, ahlaziye aze aphinde asebenzise enye into ayifunayo. I-GPL inikezela abaprogram nabasebenzisi imvume yokufikelela kunye nokutshintsha ikhowudi yomthombo, ngelixa i-domain yoluntu inikezela abasebenzisi imvume yokuyisebenzisa nokuyivumelanisa ifoto. Inxalenye ye-GNU yeGNU GPL ibhekisela kwilayisenisi eyenzelwe inkqubo ye-GNU yokusebenza, inkqubo yokusebenza yamahhala / evulekile eyayiyo kwaye iyaqhubeka iyiprojekthi ebonakalayo kwi-teknoloji evulekile.
Enye ibhonasi yabasebenzisi kukuba i-OSS ikhululeka ngokubanzi, nangona kunjalo, kukho iindleko zokufumana ezinye izinto, ezifana nenkxaso yobuchwepheshe, kwezinye iinkqubo zesoftware.
Uvelaphi Umthombo Ovulekileyo?
Nangona i-concepts software cooding ivela kwi-1950-1960s academia, ngowe-1970 kunye neye-1980, imiba efana neengxabano zomthetho kubangele indlela yokusebenzisana evulekileyo ye-software yokubhala ikhowudi yokulahlekelwa ngumoya. Iprojekti yeproprietary ithathe i-market software kuze kube yilapho uRichard Stallman esungula iFree Software Foundation (FSF) ngo-1985, ekhupha isofthiwe evulekile okanye ekhululekile ukuya phambili. Ingcamango ye "software software" ichaza inkululeko, ingabi neendleko. Intlangano yentlalo emva kwesofthiwe ekhululekile iqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzisi be-software kufuneka babe nenkululeko yokubona, ukutshintsha, ukuhlaziywa, ukulungisa, kunye nokufaka kwikhowudi yomthombo ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabo, kwaye bavumeleke ukuba basasaze okanye babelane ngokukhululekile nabanye.
I-FSF idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubela ye-software yesistim nevulekileyo kunye neProjekthi ye-GNU. I-GNU yindlela yokusebenza yamahhala (iisethi yeeprogram kunye nezixhobo ezifundisa idivayisi okanye ikhomputha indlela yokusebenza), ngokukhululekileyo zikhutshwe kunye nezixhobo, iilayibrari kunye nezicelo ezidibeneyo zingabhekiselwa njengenguqu okanye ukuhanjiswa. I-GNU idibene neprogram ebizwa ngokuthi i-kernel, elawula izixhobo ezahlukeneyo zekhompyutheni okanye isistim, kubandakanywa ukuhanjiswa kwakhona phakathi naphakathi kwezicelo zesofthiwe kunye ne-hardware. I-kernel eqhelekileyo ehambelana ne-GNU yi-Linux kernel, eyadalwa nguLinus Torvalds. Le nkqubo yokusebenza kunye ne-kernel yokubambisana ibizwa ngokuba yi-GNU / Linux inkqubo yokusebenza, nangona idlalwa rhoqo njengeLuxu.
Ngezizathu ezahlukeneyo, kuquka ukudideka kwimarike ngaphezu kweli gama elithi "iprogram ye-free" elalibhekise ngokwenene, elinye igama elithi "umthombo ovulekileyo" waba lixesha elikhethiweyo leprogram elenziwe kwaye ligcinwe ngokusebenzisa indlela yentsebenziswano yoluntu. Igama elithi "umthombo ovulekileyo" wamkelwa ngokusemthethweni kwingqungquthela ekhethekileyo yeetheknoloji inkokheli-mbono ngoFebruwari 1998, eyabanjelwa ngumshicileli weTekn Reilly. Kamva ngaloo nyanga, i-Open Source Initiative (OSI) yasungulwa nguEric Raymond noBruce Perens njengenhlangano engenzi nzuzo ezinikele ekukhuthazeni i-OSS.
I-FSF iyaqhubeka njengentengiso kunye neqela lokuvuselela elizinikezelwe kukuncedisa inkululeko yomsebenzisi kunye namalungelo anxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwekhowudi yomthombo. Nangona kunjalo, itshnoloji eninzi isebenzisa igama elithi "umthombo ovulekileyo" kwiiprojekthi kunye neeprogram zesoftware ezivumela ukufikelela koluntu kwikhowudi yomthombo.
I-Software Source Open yiNxalenye yoBomi bemihla ngemihla
Iiprojekthi zeprojekti ezivulekileyo ziyingxenye yobomi bethu bemihla ngemihla. Unokuba ufunda le nqaku kwifowuni yakho okanye ithebhulethi, kwaye ukuba kunjalo, mhlawumbi usebenzisa i-teknoloji yomthombo ovulekileyo ngoku. Iinkqubo zokusebenza ze-iPhone kunye ne-Android zadalwa ngokusetyenziselwa ukusebenzisa iibhloko zokwakha kwi-software evulekile, iiprojekthi kunye neenkqubo.
Ukuba ufunda le nqaku kwi-laptop yakho okanye kwideskithophu, usebenzisa i-Chrome okanye i-Firefox njenge-browser? I-Mozilla Firefox ngumthombo wesiphequluli esivulekileyo. I-Google Chrome yinguqu eguqulelwe yiprojekti evuliwe yomthombo oyi-Chromium - nangona i-Chromium iqalwe ngabaphuhlisi beGoogle abaqhubeka bedlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuculeni nasekuphuculweni okongezelelweyo, i-Google ifake iprogram kunye nempawu (ezinye zazo ezingavulwa umthombo) kule software yesiseko ukuphuhlisa isiphequluli se-Google Chrome.
Enyanisweni, intanethi njengoko siyazi ukuba bekungekho ngaphandle kwe-OSS. I-teknoloji yamaphayona ancedayo ukwakha i-web-wide web esebenzisa iteknoloji evulekile yomthombo, njengenkqubo ye-Linux kunye nee-server ze-Apache ukuze zenze i-intanethi ye-intanethi. Ii-server ze-Apache zewebhu ziinkqubo ze-OSS ezenza isicelo sephepha elithile lewebhu (umzekelo, ukuba unqakraza kwikhonkco kwiwebhusayithi ongathanda ukuyivakashela) ngokukufumanisa nokukuthatha kule khasi lewebhu. Iifayile zewebhu ze-Apache ziyimithombo evulekile kwaye zigcinwa ngabavolontiya abathuthukisi kunye namalungu entlangano engenzi nzuzo ebizwa ngokuba yi-Apache Software Foundation.
Umthombo ovulekileyo uphinda uphinde uphinde uvuselele ubugcisa bethu kunye nobomi bethu bemihla ngemihla esingaziqondi. Uluntu lwamaqela oluntu lwabachaphazelayo ukuvula iiprojekthi zeprojekti ziyaqhubeka nokwandisa inkcazo ye-OSS kwaye yongeza kwixabiso elizisa kuluntu lwethu.