Bashish - I-Linux Command - Unix Command

NAME

ukutshabalalisa - GNU Bourne-kwakhona Shayela

SYNOPSIS

bash [ikhetho] [ifayile]

INKCAZELO

I-Bash ngumtoliki weelwimi ohambelanayo no- sh owenza imiyalelo efundwayo ukusuka kwi-input standard okanye kwifayili. I-Bash ifakanya nezinto ezincedo ezivela kwiikhenkce zeKorn kunye neC ( ksh kunye ne- csh ).

I-Bash ihloselwe ukuba yenze ukuhambelana nokuphunyezwa kwe-IEEE i-POSIX Shell kunye neenkcukacha zecandelo (IEEE Working Group 1003.2).

IMISEBENZI

Ukongeza kwizinto ezikhethiweyo zekhethi zeenkcukacha ezibhalwe kwingcaciso yomyalelo osiweyo, ibhashe ichaza ezi zikhetho zilandelayo xa zifunyenwe:

-c string

Ukuba u-- c ukhetho lukhona, ngoko imilayezo ifundwa kwintambo . Ukuba kukho izimpikiswano emva komtya , zinikezelwa kwiiparitha zendawo, ngokuqala nge $ 0 .

-i

Ukuba i -iyikhetho ikhona, igobolondo idibeneyo .

-l

Yenza isenzo somdlalo njengokuba senziwe njengegobolondo yokungena (jonga INDLELA engezantsi).

-r

Ukuba i-- r inketho ikhona, igobolondo iyanqanda (jonga i- SHELL engezantsi).

-s

Ukuba i --s option ikhona, okanye ukuba akukho ziphakamiso ezisekho emva kokusetyenziswa kokukhetha, ngoko imilayezo ifundwa kwi-input standard. Olu khetho luvumela iiparameters zemoya ukuba zibekwe xa zibiza igobolondo edibeneyo.

-D

Uluhlu lwazo zonke izicatshulwa eziphindwe kabini zandulelwe i $ ziprintwe kwi-ouput ephezulu. Le yimizila ephantsi kokuguqulelwa kweelwimi xa indawo yangoku engekho C okanye iPOSIX . Oku kuthetha ukuba -nokukhetha ; akukho mithetho iza kwenziwa.

[- +] O [ shopt_option ]

i-shopt_option yenye yeendlela zekhetho ezamkelwe yi-builtin shopt (bona i- SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS ngezantsi). Ukuba i- shopt_option ikhoyo, -O ibeka ixabiso lelo khetho; + Ungayisebenzisi. Ukuba i- shopt_option ayinikezelwa, amagama kunye namaxabiso ezinketho zekhebethi ezamkelwe ngokukhawuleza zinyatheliswa kwi-output standard. Ukuba ukhetho lokuncenga luye + O , umphumo uboniswa kwifomathi engasetyenziswa kwakhona njengegalelo.

-

A - ibonisa ukuphela kwezikhetho kwaye ukhubaza ukuqhutyelwa kokukhetha okunye. Naziphi na iingxabano emva kokuba - ziphathwe njengeefayile kunye neengxabano. Ingxabano-iyafana - .

I-Bash iguqulela nenani leendlela ezininzi zokukhetha. Ezi zikhethi mazimele zivele kumgca wokulawula phambi kokukhethwa komntu oyedwa.

- i-strump-po-strings

Ulingana no -D , kodwa umphumo ungaphakathi kwe-GNU i- poettext po (into ephathekayo) ifomathi yefayili.

- i-strump-strings

Elinganayo -D .

--Nceda

Bonisa umyalezo wokusetyenziswa kwisiphumo esifanelekileyo kwaye uphume ngempumelelo.

ifayile yefayile

ifayile yefayile

Yenza imiyalelo esuka kwifayile endaweni yefayili yokuqalisa yomntu siqu / / .bashrc ukuba igobolondo idibeneyo (jonga INDLELA engezantsi).

--Ngema

Elinganayo -l .

ukuqonda

Ungasebenzisi iilayibrari ye-GNU yokufundela ukufunda imilayezo yomyalelo xa igobolondo isebenzisana.

- noprofile

Musa ukufunda okanye iifayile yokuqalisa inkqubo / njl / iphrofayili okanye nayiphi na ifayile yefayile yokuqalisa ~ / .bash_profile , ~ / .bash_login , okanye ~ / .profile . Ngokungagqibekanga, ibhafu ifundwa ezi fayile xa zifunwa njengegobolondo yokungena (jonga INDLELA engezantsi).

- nonorc

Musa ukufunda nokuqhuba ifayile yangaphambili yokuqalisa ~ / .bashrc ukuba igobolondo isebenzisana. Oku kukhethwa ngokungaqhelekanga ukuba igobolondo ifunwa njenge sh .

- postposi

Shintsha ukuziphatha kwebhasti apho ukusetyenziswa okungafaniyo kuhambelana nomgangatho we-POSIX 1003.2 ukulinganisa umgangatho ( imodeli ye-posix ).

- ingqongqo

Igobolondo iyanqandeka (jonga i- SHELL engezantsi).

-rpm-idinga

Ukuvelisa uluhlu lweefayile ezifunekayo ukuba iskripthi sisebenze. Oku kuthetha '-n' kwaye ixhomekeke kwimingcele efanayo ukuqokelela iphutha lexesha ukujonga ukujonga; Iimbuyiselo, [] iimvavanyo, kunye neendawo ezikhutshwayo azidluliyo ukwenzela ukuba ezinye izinto ezinokuxhomekeke kuzo zingaphuthelwa. - ukubophelela okulinganayo -v .

--verversion

Bonisa ulwazi lwengcaciso kulo mzekelo webhasti kwi-output standard kwaye uphume ngempumelelo.

AMALUNGA

Ukuba iingxabano zihlala emva kokusetyenziswa kwenketho, kwaye akukho -c okanye i - inketho eye yanikezelwa, ingxabano yokuqala ithathwa ngokuba yigama lefayile eneemigca yegobolondo. Ukuba i- bash isingeniswa ngale ndlela, i-$ 0 isetyenziswe kwigama lefayili, kwaye iiparameters zemiqathango zibekwe kwiingxabano ezisele. Bash ifunda kwaye iqhuba imiyalelo esuka kule fayela, ize iphume. Isimo sokuphuma sikaBash yimeko yokuphuma yomyalelo wokugqibela owenziwe kwiskripthi. Ukuba akukho mithetho iyenziwa, i-exit status i-0. Yenza kuqala umzamo wokuvula ifayile kwirejista yangoku, kwaye, ukuba akukho fayile ifumaneka, ke igobolondo ifuna iirejista kwi- PATH yeskripthi.

INDLELA

Igobolondo yokungena ngumnye umlinganiso wokuqala we-argument zero yi-- , okanye enye iqale nge- yokungena .

Igobolondo elisebenzisanayo liqaliswe ngaphandle kweengxoxo ezikhethiweyo kwaye ngaphandle kwe-- c inketho apho ukufakelwa kwayo okuqhelekileyo kunye neziphumo zixhunyiwe kwii-terminals (njengoko zichongiwe yi- isatty (3)), okanye enye iqale nge -iyikhetho . I-PS1 isetyenzisiwe kunye ne-$ - iquka ukuba i- bash is interactive, ivumela i-shell okanye i-fowuni yokuqalisa ukuvavanya eli rhu lumente.

Imihlathi elandelayo ichaza indlela ibhashe eqhuba ngayo iifayile zayo zokuqalisa. Ukuba kukho nayiphi na iifayile kodwa ayikwazi ukufundwa, bhinqa ingxelo ngephutha. I-Tildes iyanwetshwa kumagama wefayile njengoko kuchazwe ngezantsi phantsi kweTilde Ukwandisa kwiCANDELO LOKUHLOLA .

Xa ibhashe ifunwa njengegobolondo yokungena ngaphakathi, okanye njengekhethi elingenakwenzeka kunye nenketho - yokungena , ifunda kuqala kwaye isebenza imiyalelo esuka kwifayile / njll / iphrofayili , ukuba le fayile ikhona. Emva kokufunda le fayili, ibheka ~ / .bash_profile , ~ / .bash_login , kunye ~ / .profile , ngaloo ndlela, kwaye ifunde kwaye iphumelele imilayezo evela kokuqala ekhoyo kwaye ifundwayo. Inketho ye-nonoprofile ingasetyenziswa xa igobolondo iqaliswa ukukhusela lo msebenzi.

Xa iqhosha lokungena ngemvume liphuma, uhlahlela kwaye uqhuba imiyalelo evela kwifayile ~ / .bash_logout , ukuba ikhona.

Xa igobolondo edibeneyo engekho igobolongo yokungena ngemvume iqalisiwe, ibhashe ifundwa kwaye isebenzise imiyalelo esuka ~ / .bashrc , ukuba le fayile ikhona. Oku kungavinjelwa ngokusebenzisa i-option. Ifayile yefayile yefayile yefayile izakuphoqa ibhasi ukufunda nokuyenza imiyalelo esuka kwifayile endaweni ye ~ / .bashrc .

Xa ibhashe iqalile ngaphandle kokusebenzisana, ukuqhuba iskripthi somqulu, ngokomzekelo, ikhangele i-variable BASH_ENV kwimo engqongileyo, yandisa inani layo xa livela khona, kwaye isebenzisa ixabiso elongeziweyo njengegama lefayile yokufunda nokuyenza . I-Bash iziphatha njengokungathi umyalelo olandelayo wenziwa:

ukuba [-n "$ BASH_ENV"]; ngoko. "$ BASH_ENV"; fi

kodwa ixabiso le- PATH eguqukileyo alisebenzisi ukucinga igama lefayile.

Ukuba i- bash isacelwa ngegama sh , lizama ukulinganisa ukuziphatha kokuqala kweenguqulelo zembali ze- sh ngokukhawuleza kunokwenzeka, ngelixa zihambelana nomgangatho we-POSIX ngokunjalo. Xa kuphakanyiswe njengegobolondo yokungenelela, okanye iqhosha lokungena-interactive kunye ne-- login option, okokuqala lizama ukufunda nokuqhuba imiyalelo esuka / / etc / iphrofayili kunye / / .profayile , kuloo myalelo. Inketho ye-nonoprofile ingasetyenziselwa ukuvimbela lo msebenzi. Xa iphakanyiswa njengegobolondo elisebenzisanayo negama sh , ibhashe ibheka i- ENV eguquguqukayo, ikhulisa ixabiso layo ukuba ichazwe, kwaye isebenzisa ixabiso elongeziweyo njengegama lefayile yokufunda nokuyenza. Ekubeni igobolondo efunyenwe njengokuba sh izama ukufunda nokuyenza imiyalelo evela kwezinye iifayile zokuqalisa, inketho ye - --rcfile ayinasiphumo. Igobolondo elingabandakanyiyo elifakwe igama sh alizami ukufunda ezinye iifayile zokuqalisa. Xa ufunwa njenge sh , ibhashi ingena kwimodi ye- posix emva kokuba iifayile zokuqalisa zifundwa.

Xa ibhashe iqalwa kwimodi ye- posix , njengendlela yokukhetha umgca weposi -posix , ilandela umgangatho we-POSIX wokuqalisa ifayile. Kule ndlela, iigobolondo ezibandakanyekayo zandisa i-variable ye- ENV kwaye imiyalelo ifundwa kwaye iqhutywe kwifayili egama layo lixabiso elandisiweyo. Akukho zifayili zokuqalisa ezifundwayo.

I-Bash izama ukugqiba xa iqhutywe yi-daemon ye-shell eqhelekileyo, ngokuqhelekileyo i- rshd . Ukuba ibhasti inquma ukuba iqhutyelwa yi- rshd , ifunda kwaye isebenza imiyalelo esuka ~ / .bashrc , ukuba le fayile ikhona kwaye iyafundwa. Akuyi kukwenza oku ukuba ifunwe njenge sh . Inketho ye - --ororc ingasetyenziselwa ukuvimbela le ndlela yokuziphatha, kwaye inketho ye - --rcfile ingasetyenziselwa ukunyanzelisa enye ifayile ukuba ifundwe, kodwa i- rshd ayifuni ukubiza igobolondo kunye nezo zikhetho okanye zivumele ukuba zichazwe.

Ukuba igobolondo iqaliswa ngumsebenzisi osebenzayo (iqela) id engalingani nomsebenzisi wangempela (iqela) id, kwaye inketho-- p ayinikiweyo , akukho fayili yokuqalisa efundwayo, imisebenzi yeeklobol ayifumana ifa kwiimeko, i- SHELLOPTS ukutshintsha, ukuba kubonakala kwimeko, akunyanzelwanga, kwaye i-id yomsebenzisi esebenzayo isetyenziswe kwi-id yangempela yomsebenzisi. Ukuba ukhetho lwe-- p lunikezelwa ekunconyweni, ukuziphatha kokuqalisa kufana, kodwa i-id yomsebenzisi esebenzayo ayisetyenziswanga kwakhona.

IINKCAZELO

Ezi nkcazelo zilandelayo zisetyenziswe kulo lonke olu xwebhu.

nganto

Indawo okanye ithebhu.

igama

Ulandelelwano lwabalinganiswa olubhekwa njengelinye iqela ngegobolondo. Yaziwa nangokuthi iyimpawu .

igama

Igama eliqukethe kuphela abalinganiswa bee-alphanumeric kwaye ligxininisa, kwaye iqalisa ngomlingiswa we-alfabhethi okanye i-underscore. Kwakhona kubhekiswe njengesazisi.

metacharacter

Umlinganisi, xa ungaxilwanga, uhlukanisa amagama. Enye yezinto ezilandelayo:

| &; () <> indawo yesikhala

olawulayo

Umqondiso owenza umsebenzi wokulawula. Ngenye yeempawu ezilandelayo:

|| & &&; ;; () |

AMAZWI OKHUSELEKILEYO

Amagama agcinwe ngamazwi anentsingiselo ekhethekileyo kwi-shell. Amagama alandelayo ayaziwa njengagcinwe xa engagqitywanga kunye nokuba yiliphi igama lokuqala lomyalelo olula (jonga i- SHELL GRAMMAR engezansi ) okanye igama lesithathu lecala okanye umyalelo:

! Iimeko zenze i-elif enye into esekelwe kuyo xa ukhetha ude ude ngexesha [} ixesha [[]]

SHELL GRAMMAR

Imiyalelo elula

Umyalelo olula ulandelelwano lwezikhundla eziguquguqukayo ezikhethiweyo ezilandelwa ngamagama angenanto- ahlukeneyo kunye nezilungiso, kwaye ipheliswa ngumqhubi wolawulo . Igama lokuqala lichaza umyalelo oza kwenziwa, kwaye idluliselwa njengeengxabano zero. Amagama asele adluliselwa njengeengxoxo kumyalelo oceliwe.

Ixabiso lokubuya lomyalelo olula yimeko yayo yokuphuma, okanye i-128+ n ukuba umyalelo unqanyulwa ngumqondiso n .

Iipayipi

Umbhobho ulandelelwano lomyalelo omnye okanye ngaphezulu ohlukaniswe ngumlingiswa | . Ifomathi yepayipi yile:

[ ixesha [ -p ]] [! ] umyalelo [ | command2 ...]

Umgangatho osemgangathweni womyalelo uqhagamshelwe ngepayipi ukuya kwi-input standard yomyalelo2 . Olu dlelwane lwenziwe ngaphambi kokuba kukho naziphi na izikhokelo ezichazwe ngumyalelo (jonga i- REDIRECTION engezantsi).

Ukuba igama eligcinwe ! ilandele ipayipi, isimo sokuphuma salo mbhobho yinto engqiqweni NGOKUKHONA kokuphuma kwimeko yomyalelo wokugqibela. Ngaphandle koko, imeko yombhobho yimeko yokuphuma yomyalelo wokugqibela. Igobolondo ilinda yonke imiyalelo kumbhobho ukuphelisa ngaphambi kokubuyisela ixabiso.

Ukuba ixesha eligcinwe ligama lilandele ipayipi, ukugqithiswa kunye nomsebenzisi kunye nexesha lokusetyenziswa kwalo libikwa xa umbhobho uphela. I-- p inketho iyatshintsha ifomathi yokuvelisa kwi-POSIX. Utshintshi lwe- TIMEFORMAT lungasetwa kwintambo yefomathi ecacisa ukuba ulwazi lwesikhathi kufuneka luboniswe; ubona inkcazo ye- TIMEFORMAT phantsi kwe- Shell Variables ngezansi.

Umyalelo ngamnye kwipayipi uyenziwa njengenkqubo eyahlukileyo (oko kukuthi, kwi-subshell).

Lists

Uluhlu lulandelelanisa olunye okanye ngaphezulu kwamapayipi ahlukaniswe ngumnye wabasebenzisi ; , & , && , okanye || , kwaye ikhethiwe ngokukodwa ngenye ye ; , & , okanye .

Kuloluhlu lwabasebenzisi , && kunye || unobungakanani obulinganayo, olulandelayo ; kunye &, ezilandelelanayo.

Ulandelelwano lweelinye lamagama angaphezulu okanye amaninzi angabonakala kwiluhlu esikhundleni se-semicolon ukuhambisa imiyalelo.

Ukuba umyalelo unqanyulwa ngumqhubi wolawulo kwaye , igobolondo yenza umyalelo kwimvelaphi kwisigxina. Igobolondo ayilinde ukuba umyalelo uqedele, kwaye izinga lokubuyisa li-0. Imigaqo eyahlula ; zenziwa ngokulandelelana; igobolondo ilinda umyalelo ngamnye ukuphelisa kwakhona. Isimo sokubuyisa yimeko yokuphuma yomyalelo wokugqibela owenziwe.

Abaphathi bokuphatha && kunye || uthayathe IINDLA kunye NAKHO izintlu, ngokulandelanayo. Uludwe kunye nefom

umyalelo1 && umyalelo2

umyalelo2 uyenziwa ukuba, kwaye kuphela ukuba, umyalelo1 ubuyisela isimo sokuphuma sero .

OKANYE uluhlu lufom

umyalelo1 || myalelo2

umyalelo2 uyenziwa ukuba kwaye kuphela xa umyalelo1 ubuya kwi-non-zero exit status. Isimo sokubuya se-NA kunye NYE izintlu yimeko yokuphuma yomyalelo wokugqibela owenziwe kuhlu.

Iimimiselo zeCompound

Umyalelo wekhampani yenye yezinto ezilandelayo:

( uludwe )

uludwe luqhutywa kwi-subshell. Izabelo ezichaseneyo kunye nemiyalelo eyakhelweyo echaphazela iimeko zegobolondo azihlali zisasebenza emva kokuba umyalelo uqedile. Isimo sokubuyisa yimeko yokuphuma kwoluhlu .

{ uludwe ; }

uluhlu lwenziwa kuphela kwiimeko zegobolondo zangoku. uludwe kufuneka lupheliswe nge-lineline okanye i-semicolon. Oku kwaziwa ngokuba ngumyalelo weqela . Isimo sokubuyisa yimeko yokuphuma kwoluhlu . Qaphela ukuba ngokungafaniyo neentambo zezixhobo ( kunye ) , { na } namagama agcinwe kwaye kufuneka ukuba kwenzeke apho igama eligcinwe livunyelwe ukuba libonwe. Ekubeni bengabangeli ikhefu legama, kufuneka bahlukane noluhlu lwama- whitespace.

(( intetho ))

Ili gama lihlolwe ngokwemiqathango echazwe ngezantsi phantsi kwe- EVITATION ARITHMETIC . Ukuba ixabiso lentetho alilona lento, ibuyiselo yimo ngu-0; ngenye indlela ukubuya kwimo 1. Leli lilingana nokuvumela " intetho ".

[ intetho ]

Buyisela isimo se-0 okanye 1 kuxhomekeke ekuhlolweni kwembonakaliso yesibonakaliso . Iinkcazo zenziwe ngamabhasari achazwe apha ngezantsi phantsi kwe- CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS . Ilizwi elidibeneyo kunye negama lokunyuselwa alinakwenziwa ngamazwi phakathi [[ no ]] ; ukunyusa ukwandiswa, iparameter kunye nokwandiswa okutshintshayo, ukwandiswa kwe-arithmetic, indawo yokumisela, indawo yokufaka indawo, kunye nokususwa kweempendulo.

Xa i- == and ! = Isetyenzisiweyo isetyenzisiweyo, umtya ukuya kumnene we-opharetha uthathwa njengomzekelo kwaye uhambelana ngokwemiqathango echazwe ngezantsi phantsi kwePatter Matching . Ixabiso lokubuyisela li-0 ukuba umtya uhambelana okanye awuhambelani nephethini, ngokulandelanayo kunye no-1 ngenye indlela. Naliphi na inxalenye yesaphephancwadi ingacatshangelwa ukuba iphoqe ukuba ifaniswe njengomtya.

Iibhengezo zingadibaniswa ngokusebenzisa aba baqhubi balandelayo, kuboniswe kumyalelo wokuhla

( intetho )

Ibuyisela ixabiso lentetho. Oku kungasetyenziselwa ukugqithisa ukulandelelana okuqhelekileyo kwabaqhubi.

! ibinzana

Enyanisweni ukuba ibinzana linyani.

ibinzana1 && ibinzana2

Enyanisweni ukuba zombini ibinzana1 kunye nencoko2 liyi nyaniso.

ibinzana1 || ibinzana 2 Inyaniso ukuba nayiphi ibinzana1 okanye inkulumo2 iyinyaniso.

I && and || abaqhubi abayivandlakali ibinzana 2 ukuba ixabiso lentetho1 lanele ngokwaneleyo ukucacisa inani lokubuyiselwa kwelizwi lonke.

igama [ ngegama ]; uludwe ; zenziwe

Uluhlu lwamagama alandelayo luwandiswa, ludala uluhlu lwezinto. Igama elitshintshayo lisetyenziswe kwicandelo ngalinye loluhlu ngokubhekiselele, kwaye uluhlu lwenziwa rhoqo. Ukuba igama lishiyiweyo, umyalelo uqhuba uluhlu kanye kwiparameter ngayinye yesimo esetyiweyo (jonga i- PARAMETERS ngezantsi). Isimo sokubuyisa sisimo sokuphuma somyalelo wokugqibela owenzayo. Ukuba ukwandiswa kwezinto ezilandelayo kwiziphumo kuluhlu olungenanto, akukho mithetho eyenziwa, kwaye izinga lokubuyisa li-0.

(( expr1 ; expr2 ; expr3 )); uludwe ; zenziwe

Okokuqala, i-arithmetic expression exr1 ihlolwe ngokwemiqathango echazwe ngezantsi phantsi kwe- EVITATION ARITHMETIC . I-arithmetic expression express expr2 ihlaziywa ngokuphindaphindiweyo de ihlolisise kwi-zero. Ngethuba lexesha i- expr2 livavanya kwixabiso elingelona elona, uludwe luye lwaqhutywa kwaye i-arithmetic expression express expr3 . Ukuba kukho nayiphi na imbonakalo engashiyiweyo, iziphatha njengokuba ivavanya kwi-1. Ixabiso lokubuyiselwa yi-status exit yomyalelo wokugqibela kwoluhlu olwenziwa, okanye lubuxoki ukuba nayiphi na imigaqo ayivumelekanga.

khetha igama [ ngegama ]; uludwe ; zenziwe

Uluhlu lwamagama alandelayo luwandiswa, ludala uluhlu lwezinto. Iqoqo lamagama anwetshiweyo liprintwe kwiphutha eliqhelekileyo, ngalinye lilandelwe ngenani. Ukuba igama lishiywe, iiparameters zendawo zinyathelisiwe (jonga i- PARAMETERS ngezantsi). I-prompt ye- PS3 iboniswa kwaye umgca ufundwa kwi-input standard. Ukuba umgca unombolo ehambelana nelinye lamagama abonakalisiweyo, ngoko ixabiso legama libekwe kuloo gama. Ukuba umgca awunanto, amagama kunye nokukhawuleza kuboniswa kwakhona. Ukuba i-EOF ifundwa, umyalelo ugqityiwe. Naliphi na elinye ixabiso elifundwayo lenza ukuba igama libekwe kwiNNN. Umgca wokufunda ugcinwa kwi- REPLY eguqukileyo. Uluhlu luyenziwa emva kokukhethwa komntu ngamnye kude kube ngumyalelo wokuphulwa . Imoya yokuphuma yokukhetha yimeko yokuphuma yomyalelo wokugqibela owenziwe kwoluhlu , okanye xa kungekho mithetho iyenziwa.

Kwimeko yegama [[((] iphethini [ | iphethini ]

Umyalelo wecala kuqala ugxininisa igama , kwaye uzama ukulinganisa nayo iphethini ngalinye, usebenzisa imilinganiselo efanayo efanayo neendlela zokunyuselwa (khangela I- Pathname Expandment below). Xa umdlalo ufunyanwa, uluhlu oluhambelanayo luya kwenziwa. Emva komdlalo wokuqala, akukho mitshato elandelayo ezama. Imoya yokuphuma i-zero ukuba akukho mzekelo ifanelana. Ngaphandle koko, yimeko yokuphuma yomyalelo wokugqibela owenziwe kuhlu .

ukuba uludwe ; uluhlu; uluhlu lwelifa ; uluhlu ; ] ... [ olunye uluhlu ; ] fi

Ukuba uluhlu luya kwenziwa. Ukuba isimo sayo sokuphuma siyiyo, olo luhlu luya kwenziwa. Ngaphandle koko, uluhlu ngalunye lwe- elif lwenziwa ngokubhekiselele, kwaye ukuba isimo sawo sokuphuma siyiyo, uhambelana nolunye uludwe luya kwenziwa kwaye umyalelo uzalisekile. Ngaphandle koko, uluhlu olunye luya kwenziwa, ukuba lukhoyo. Imoya yokuphuma yimeko yokuphuma yomyalelo wokugqibela owenziwe, okanye i-zero ukuba akukho mqathango ovavanyo owenziweyo.

ngelixa uludwe ; uludwe ; zenziwe

de luhlu ; uludwe ; zenziwe

Umyalelo wenkqubela uqhuba ngokuqhubekayo uluhlu olude nje ngokuba umyalelo wokugqibela oluhlu lubuyisela isimo sokuphuma sero. Kude umyalelo ufana nomyalelo wexeshana, ngaphandle kokuba uvavanyo lugwenywe; uluhlu lwenziwe luyenziwa njengoko nje umyalelo wokugqibela oluhlu lubuyisela isimo esingenaso sokuphuma kwimeko. Imoya yokuphuma kweso sihlandlo kwaye kude kubekho umyalelo wokuphuma kwimeko yokugqibela yoluhlu umyalelo owenziwe, okanye nantoni ukuba akukho mntu waphathwa.

[ umsebenzi ] igama () { uludwe ; }

Oku kuchaza umsebenzi ogama lakhe . Umzimba womsebenzi uluhlu lwemithetho phakathi kwe- {and}. Olu luhlu luyenziwa xa igama lichazwe njengegama lomyalelo olula. Isimo sokuphuma somsebenzi yimeko yokuphuma yomyalelo wokugqibela owenziwe emzimbeni. (Jonga IMISEBENZI engezantsi.)

IMIBUZO

Kwinqobhoko engabandakanyiyo, okanye ikhebhile elisebenzisanayo apho ikhetho elisebenzisanayo kwi-builtin ekhutshiweyo inikwe amandla (bona i- SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS engezantsi), igama eliqala nge # lenza ukuba igama kunye nabo bonke abalingiswa abasele kuloo mgca banganakwa. Ikhebhile elisebenzisanayo ngaphandle kokukhethwa kwe- interactive_comments kuvunyelwe ukuvumela amazwana. Ukhetho lwama-interactive_comments luya kulungelelaniswa kwiiblubhi ezibandakanyekayo.

UKUQALA

Ukucaphuna isetyenziselwa ukususa intsingiselo ekhethekileyo yabalinganiswa abathile okanye amagama kwigobolondo. Ukucaphula kungasetyenziselwa ukukhubaza unyango olukhethekileyo kubalinganiswa abakhethekileyo, ukukhusela amagama agciniweyo ekubanjweni okunjalo, nokukhusela ukwandiswa kweparameter.

Ngamanye amacandelo echazwe apha ngasentla phantsi kwee- DEFINITIONS inentsingiselo ekhethekileyo kwigobolondo kwaye kufuneka icatshulwe ukuba ibhekise ngokwayo.

Xa izakhiwo zokunweba imbali zisetyenzisiweyo, imbonakalo yokwandisa imbali , ngokuqhelekileyo ! , kufuneka kucatshulwe ukukhusela umlando.

Kukho iindlela ezintathu zokucaphula iinkqubo: uhlamvu lokuphepha , icatshulwa enye, kunye neempendulo eziphindwe kabini.

I-backslash e-non-cutshutshiweyo ( \ ) ngumdlalo wokuphepha . Igcina inani lenqobo lomdlali olandelayo olandelayo, ngaphandle kwe . Ukuba i < \ lineline> ibonakala, kwaye i-backslash ayiyikucatshulwa yona, i \ ithathwa njengomgca wokuqhubela phambili (oko kukuthi, isuswe kumgca wokufaka umgca kwaye ungayinakukunyanzelisa).

Iifayile ezifake kwiingcaphuno ezilodwa zigcina ixabiso langempela lomntu ngamnye kwiingcaphuno. Isicatshulwa esisodwa singenakwenzeka phakathi kweengcaphuno ezilodwa, nangona zilandelwa ukubuyela emva.

Iifayile ezifakela kwiingcaphuno eziphindwe kabini zigcina ixabiso langempela kubo bonke abalinganiswa kwiingcaphuno, ngaphandle kwe $ , ` , kunye \ . Abalingiswa be $ kunye ' nokugcina ingqalelo yabo ekhethekileyo kwiingcaphuno ezibini. I-backslash igcina intsingiselo yayo ekhethekileyo kuphela xa ilandelwa ngenye yezilwanyana ezilandelayo: $ , ` , " , \ , okanye . Ukucaphulwa kabini kunokucatshulwa kwiingcaphuno eziphindwe kabini ngokuyilandela nge-backslash.

Iiparitha ezikhethekileyo * kunye ne- @ zinentsingiselo ekhethekileyo xa zicaphuno eziphindwe kabini (bona i- PARAMETERS ngezantsi).

Amagama afom ye $ ' string ' aphathwa ngokuthe ngqo. Igama liya kwintambo , kunye nabalinganiswa abaphunyukayo behlanjululwe njengoko kuchazwe ngumgangatho we-ANSI C. Ukulandelwa kokulandelwa kokubuya, ukuba kukho, kubhalwe ngokulandelayo:

\ a

uqaphele (intsimbi)

\ b

backspace

\ e

uphawu lokuphepha

\ f

ifom yokutya

\ n

umgca omtsha

\ r

ukubuyela kwinqwelo

\ t

ithebhu eqondekileyo

\ v

ithebhu ecacileyo

\\

ukubuyela emva

\ '

catshulwa enye

\ nnn

uhlamvu lwesibhozo obunesibhozo esixabisa i-octal value nnn (idijithi enye ukuya kweyesithathu)

\ x HH

udidi lwesibhozo esinesibhozo oxabiso lakhe lixabiso le hexadecimal HH (enye okanye ezimbini iiheksi zeeheksi)

\ c x

ulawulo- x uhlamvu

Isiphumo esandisiweyo sicatshulwe ngabanye, njengokungathi isibonakaliso seli dola sasingekho.

Umtya okhankanywe ngokuphindwe kabini olandelwa idenari ye dola (i $ ) kuya kwenza ukuba umtya uguqulelwe ngokweendawo ezikhoyo. Ukuba indawo yangoku iC okanye i- POSIX , isalathisi seli dola ayinakunyuswa. Ukuba umtya uguqulelwa uze utshintshwe, ukutshintshwa kuyicatshulwa kabini.

PARAMETERS

Iparameter liziko eligcina ubuncwane. Ingaba ligama , inombolo, okanye omnye wabalinganiswa abakhethiweyo abhalwe apha ngezantsi phantsi kweParameters ekhethekileyo . Ngeenjongo zegobolondo, ukuguquguquka yiparameter echazwe igama . Uguquko lunenani lexabiso kunye nenye okanye iimpawu ezininzi. Iimpawu zinikwe ngokusebenzisa umyalelo owakhiwe ngokukodwa (jonga phantsi apha kwi- SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS ).

Ipharamitha isetyenziswe ukuba inikwe ixabiso. Umtya ongekho umgangatho ovumelekileyo. Xa kusetyenziswe ukuguquguquka, kunokusetyenzwa kuphela ngokusebenzisa umyalelo ongakhethiweyo we- builtin (jonga i- SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS ngezantsi).

Utshintsho olunokuthi luya kunikwa ngxelo yesimo

igama = [ xabiso ]

Ukuba ixabiso linganikiweyo, uguquko lunikezelwa ngentambo engenzileyo. Zonke ixabiso liyakwandisa ukunyusa, iparameter kunye nokwandiswa kwezinto eziguquguqukileyo, ukufakwa endaweni yomyalelo, ukwandiswa kwe-arithmetic, kunye nokukhutshwa kweengcaphuno . Ukuba isitshixo sinexabiso elipheleleyo elibhaliweyo, kwaye ixabiso lixhomekeke ekunyusweni kwe-arithmetic nangona ukwandiswa kwee $ ((...)) akusetyenziswanga (jonga Ukwandiswa kwe- Arithmetic ngezansi). Ukuhlukana kwegama akukwenziwa, ngaphandle kwe "$ @" njengoko kuchaziwe ngezantsi phantsi kweParameters Special . Ukwandiswa kwegama lenzelwe. Iingxelo zesabelo nazo zingabonakala njengeengxabano zokubhengezwa , iifetet , ukuthumela ngaphandle , i- readonly , kunye nemiyalelo yokwakha yasekhaya .

Parameters Positional

Ipharamitha yenkalo yiparameter echazwe yimibolo enye okanye ngaphezulu, ngaphandle kwesigatshana esisodwa 0. Iiparameter zenkqubela zinikezelwa kwiingxoxo zegobolondo xa zifunyenwe, kwaye zingabelwa kwakhona kusetyenziswa umyalelo owakhelweyo. Iipasimeters zendawo zingenako ukuba zinikezelwe ngesabelo sabelo. Iiparameters zengqesho zithatha indawo yesikhashana xa umsebenzi wegobolondo usenziwa (bona IMISEBENZI engezantsi).

Xa ipharamitha yenkalo equlethwe ngaphezu kweyunithi enye iyakwandiswa, kufuneka ifakwe kwiibhonceshi (jonga UKWENZISWA ngezantsi).

Iiparameters ezikhethekileyo

Igobolondo inamathemitha amaninzi ngokukhethekileyo. Ezi parameters zinokuthi zichazwe kuphela; isabelo kubo asivunyelwe.

*

Ukunyuka kwiiparitha zemiqathango, ukususela kwenye. Xa ukwandiswa kwenzeka kwiicatshulwa eziphindwe kabini, liya kwigama elilodwa kunye nexabiso leparameter nganye ehlukaniswe ngumlingisi wokuqala we- IFS ekhethiweyo. Oko kukuthi, " i-$ * " ilingana ne " $ 1 c $ 2 c ... ", apho c ngumlingiswa wokuqala wexabiso le- IFS . Ukuba i- IFS ingasetyenziswanga, iipameters zihlukaniswe zizikhala. Ukuba i- IFS ayilungile, iipameters zihlangene ngaphandle kokuhlukanisa abahlukeneyo.

@

Ukunyuka kwiiparitha zemiqathango, ukususela kwenye. Xa ukwandiswa kwenzeka kwiingcaphuno eziphindwe kabini, iparameter nganye iya kwigama elihlukile. Oko kukuthi, i- " $ @ " ilingana ne " $ 1 " " $ 2 " ... xa kungekho mali iipotimeter, " $ @ " ne- $ @ yanda ize ibe yinto (oko kukuthi, isuswe).

#

Ukunyuka kwinani leeparitha zemiqathango kwisidanga.

?

Ukwandisa kwiimeko zepayipi elandelwa kutshanje.

-

Ukunyuka kwindlela yokukhetha iifowuni njengokuba kuchazwe ngokucelwa, ngomyalelo obekwe ngokusetyenzwayo, okanye ezo zibekwe yigobolondo ngokwayo (njenge-i-option).

$

Ukwandisa kwi-ID yenkqubo yegobolondo. Kwinqanaba le-(), liya kwi-ID yenkqubo yegobolondo yangoku, kungekhona i-subshell.

!

Ukwandisa kwi-ID yenkqubo yesigqibo esandula kutshatyalaliswa (asynchronous).

0

Ukwandisa egameni legobolondo okanye i-shell shell. Oku kusekwe kwi-shell shell. Ukuba ibhasti ifunyenwe ngefayili yemiyalelo, i-$ 0 isetyenziswe kwigama le fayile. Ukuba ibhashe iqalisiwe nge-- c ukhetho, ke i $ 0 isetyenziswe kwingxabano yokuqala emva komtya oza kwenziwa, ukuba kukho. Ngaphandle koko, isetyenziswe kwigama lefayile elisetyenziselwa ukufaka ibhashe , njengoko kunikwe ngxabano.

_

Kwiqalo lokuqala, usethe kwigama elipheleleyo lefayile yegobolondo okanye iskripthi yeskripthi eqhutywayo njengoko idluliswa kwiluhlu lweengxabano. Emva koko, iya kwinqanaba lokugqibela kumyalelo wangaphambili, emva kokunyuselwa. Kwakhona usethe kwigama epheleleyo yefayili yomyalelo ngamnye owenziwe kwaye ufakwe kwimo engaphandle kulowomyalelo. Xa uhlola i-imeyile, eli pharamitha liphethe igama lefayile yeposi ekhangelwe.

Shell Variables

Iziphumo ezilandelayo zibekwe ngulobol shell:

BASH

Ukwandisa kwigama elipheleleyo lefayile elisetyenziselwa ukukhupha le meko yebhasi .

BASH_VERSINFO

Uhlobo oluthile lwe-readonly uluhlu lwamalungu alo abamba ulwazi lwengcaciso kulo mzekelo we- bash . Iimpawu ezinikezelwe kumalungu alandelayo zilandelayo:

BASH_VERSINFO [ 0]

Inombolo enkulu yenombolo ( ukukhululwa ).

BASH_VERSINFO [ 1]

Inombolo yenguqu encinci ( inguqulelo ).

BASH_VERSINFO [ 2]

Umgangatho wepaki.

BASH_VERSINFO [ 3]

Uhlobo lokwakha.

BASH_VERSINFO [ 4]

Isimo sokukhululwa (umzekelo, beta1 ).

BASH_VERSINFO [ 5]

Ixabiso le- MACHTYPE .

BASH_VERSION

Yandisa kwintambo echaza inguqu yeli bash .

COMP_CWORD

COMP_LINE

Umgca womyalelo wangoku. Olu guquka lufumaneka kuphela kwimisebenzi yengqungquthela kunye nemimiselo yangaphandle efunyenwe ngamaziko okugqiba okucwangcisiweyo (jonga ukuzaliswa okucwangcisiweyo apha ngezantsi).

COMP_POINT

COMP_WORDS

Uhlobo olutshintshayo (jonga ii- Arrays ezantsi) eziqulethwe ngamagama ngamnye kumgca womyalelo wangoku. Olu guquka lufumaneka kuphela kwimisebenzi yengqungquthela efunyenwe zizibonelelo zokugqiba ezicwangcisiweyo (jonga ukuzaliswa kweziCwangciso ezingezantsi).

DIRSTACK

Uhlobo olutshintshayo (jonga ii- Arrays ezantsi) eziqulethe izinto ezikhoyo kwi-stack yomlawuli. Izalathisi zivela kwi-stack ngokulandelana kwazo eziboniswa ngabadirs builtin. Ukunikezelwa kwamalungu alolu hlobo oluguquguqukayo lungasetyenziselwa ukuguqula iirejista ezikhoyo kwi-stack, kodwa i- pushd ne- popd eyakhiweyo kufuneka isetyenziswe ukufaka kunye nokususa iirejista. Isabelo kule variable siya kutshintsha i-directory yangoku. Ukuba i- DIRSTACK ingasetyenziswanga , ilahlekelwa iipropati zayo ezikhethekileyo, nokuba ngaba ibuye isetyenziswe kwakhona.

EUID

Ukwandisa kwi-ID yomsebenzisi esebenzayo yomsebenzisi wangoku, uqaliswe kwiqalo le-shell. Olu ngqamaniso lufundwa ngokucacileyo.

FUNCNAME

Igama lalo nawuphi na umsebenzi wegobolondo osebenzayo ngoku. Olu tshintsho lukhona kuphela xa umsebenzi wegobolondo usebenza. Izabelo kwiFUNCNAME azikho umphumo kwaye zibuyisela imeko yephutha. Ukuba iFUNCNAME ingasetyenziswanga , ilahlekelwa iipropati zayo ezikhethekileyo, nokuba ngaba ibuye isetyenziswe kwakhona.

AMAKHULU

Uguquko oluthile oluqulethwe uluhlu lwamaqela apho umsebenzisi okwangoku lilungu. Izabelo kwi- GROUPS azikho umphumo kwaye zibuyisela imeko yephutha. Ukuba i- GROUPS ingasetyenziswanga, ilahlekelwa iipropati zayo ezikhethekileyo, nokuba ngaba ibuye isetyenziswe kwakhona.

HISTCMD

Inombolo yomlando, okanye inkcazo kwiluhlu lwembali, yomyalelo wangoku. Ukuba i- HISTCMD ayilungiselelwanga , ilahlekelwa iipropati zayo ezizodwa, nangona ibuye isetyenziswe kwakhona.

HOSTNAME

Ukusetha ngokuzenzekelayo kwigama lomsinge wamanje.

HOSTTYPE

Ukusetha ngokuzenzekelayo kwintambo echaza ngokucacileyo uhlobo lomshishini apho ibhitshi eqhubayo. I-default is dependent-system.

LINENO

Ngalinye ixesha eli pharamitha libhekiselwe, iigobolondo zifaka inamba ephakamileyo emele inombolo ye-line elandelelanayo (eqala ngo-1) kwiskripthi okanye kumsebenzi. Xa kungekho kwiskripthi okanye kumsebenzi, ixabiso eliyitshintshiweyo aliqinisekanga lokuba linentsingiselo. Ukuba i- LINENO ayilungiswanga , ilahlekelwa iipropati zayo ezikhethekileyo, nangona ibuye isetyenziswe kwakhona.

MACHTYPE

Ukusetha ngokuzenzekelayo kwintambo echaza ngokucacileyo uhlobo lwenkqubo apho ibhitshi eqhubayo, kwifom ye-GNU ye- cpu-system-system format. I-default is dependent-system.

OLDPWD

Ulawulo oludlulileyo lokusebenza njengoko lubekwe ngumyalelo we- cd .

OPTARG

Ixabiso lempikiswano yokugqibela ekhethwe ngumyalelo we-getopts builtin (bona i- SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS ngezantsi).

OPTIND

Isalathisi sempikiswano esilandelayo kufuneka iqhutywe ngumyalelo we- getopts builtin (jonga i- SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS ngezantsi).

OSTYPE

Ukusetha ngokuzenzekelayo kwintambo echaza inkqubo yokusebenza apho ibhitshi eqhubayo. I-default is dependent-system.

IPIPESTATUS

Uhlobo olutshintshayo (jonga ii- Arrays ezantsi) eziqulethwe uluhlu lwexabiso lokuphuma kweemeko kwiinkqubo kwipayipi ye-foreground esandul 'ingaphambili (enokuthi ibe nomyalelo owodwa kuphela).

PPID

I-ID yenkqubo yomzali wegobolondo. Olu ngqamaniso lufundwa ngokucacileyo.

PWD

Ulawulo olukhoyo lwangoku njengoko lubekwe ngumyalelo we- cd .

RANDOM

Ngalinye ixesha le pharamitha iboniswe, i-integer ehleliweyo phakathi kwe-0 no-32767 yenziwe. Ukulandelelana kwamanani angacwangciswanga kunokuqaliswa ngokunika ixabiso kwiRANDOM . Ukuba i- RANDOM ayilungiswanga, ilahlekelwa iipropati zayo ezikhethekileyo, nokuba ngaba ibuye isetyenziswe kwakhona.

KUFUNDA

Beka kumgca wegalelo ezifundwa ngumyalelo ofundwayo xa kungekho ziphakamiso.

KWESIBONDO

Ngalinye ixesha le parameter iboniswe, inani lamasekhondi ukususela ekubuyiselweni kwegobolondo. Ukuba ixabiso linikezelwe kwi- SECONDS , ixabiso elibuyiselwe kwiireferensi ezalandelayo yimizuzu yesibini ukusuka kwesabelo kunye nexabiso elinikwe. Ukuba i- SECONDS ingasetyenziswanga, ilahlekelwa iipropati zayo ezikhethekileyo, nokuba ngaba ibuye isetyenziswe kwakhona.

SHELLOPTS

Uludwe oluhlukileyo lwekholoni lwezinketho zekhethi ezenziwe. Igama ngalinye kuluhlu luyimpikiswano evumelekileyo ye--o inketho kumyalelo obekwe phantsi (jonga i- SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS ngezantsi). Izinketho ezibonakalayo kwi- SHELLOPTS zizo zivakaliswe njengokuba zihleli -o . Ukuba olu luguquko lusemgangathweni xa ibhasi iqala, inketho nganye yelobol kuludwe luya kuvunyelwa ngaphambi kokufunda nayiphi na ifayile yokuqalisa. Olu ngqamaniso lufundwa kuphela.

SHLVL

Eyongezwa yinye ngexesha ngalinye umzekelo webhasti uqalisiwe.

UID

Ukwandisa kwi-ID yomsebenzisi womsebenzisi wangoku, uqaliswe kwiqalo lokuqala kwegobolondo. Olu ngqamaniso lufundwa ngokucacileyo.

Ezi zilandelayo zichanekileyo zisetyenziswe igobolondo. Kwezinye iimeko, ibhashe ibela inani elitshintshileyo kwintlobo eguqukileyo; ezi zichazwe ngezantsi.

BASH_ENV

Ukuba le parameter isetyenziswe xa ibhasi iqhuba iskripthi somqulu, ixabiso layo lichazwa njengegama legama eliqulethe imiyalelo yokuqalisa igobolk, njenge ~ ~ .bashrc . Ixabiso le- BASH_ENV lixhomekeke kwandiso lwepaket , ukufakwa endaweni, kunye nokwandiswa kwe-arithmetic ngaphambi kokutolika njengegama lefayile. I-PATH ayisetyenziswanga ukukhangela igama lefayile eliphumo.

CDPATH

Indlela yokukhangela umyalelo we- cd . Olu luhlu oluhlukileyo lwama-colon lwamaxwebhu apho igobolondo ibhekisela kuyo iindawo zokuhamba ezichazwe ngumyalelo we- cd . Ixabiso lesampula ".: ~: / Usr".

I-COLUMNS

Isetyenziswe ngumyalelo okhethiweyo wokhethwa ukucacisa ububanzi bendawo yokugcina xa ukhetha ukunyathelisa uluhlu. Ukusetha ngokuzenzekelayo xa ufumana iSIGWINCH.

I-COMPREPLY

Uhlobo olutshintsho oluvela kuyo lufundwa ukugqitywa okunokwenzeka okuveliswa ngumsebenzi wegolbethi owenziwe yesikhungo sokugqiba esilungisiweyo (jonga ukuzaliswa okucwangcisiweyo ngezantsi).

FCEDIT

Umhleli ongapheliyo we- fc eyakhelwe umyalelo.

FIGNORE

Uluhlu oluhlukileyo lwezihlomelo zezilwanyana ukungayihoxisi xa kuzaliswa igama lefayile (jonga READLINE ngezantsi). Igama lefayile elixhatshazelayo elinye lento yokungena kwi- FIGNORE ayifaki kuludwe lweefayile ezifanayo . Ixabiso lesampula ".o: ~".

GLOBIGNORE

Uluhlu oluhlukileyo lwekholoni yeepatheni ezichaza isethi yamagama okufowunelwa ukuba angayinakwanga yindlela yokwandisa. Ukuba igama lefayile elihambelana nomzekelo wendlela yokwandisa lifana nelinye leepateni kwi- GLOBIGNORE , lisuswa kwiluhlu lwemidlalo.

HISTCONTROL

Ukuba isetyenziswe kwixabiso le- ignoring space , imigca eqala ngumgca wendawo ayifakwanga kwiluhlu lomlando. Ukuba isetyenziswe kwixabiso lokungahoyi , imida ehambelana nomgca weembali zokugqibela ayifakiwe . Ixabiso lokungazibhaliyo lidibanisa ezimbini iindlela. Ukuba ungasetyenziswanga, okanye ukuba isetyenziswe nakweyiphi enye ixabiso kunezo ngasentla, yonke imigca efundwa ngumxhasi igcinwa uluhlu lwembali, phantsi kwexabiso le- HISTIGNORE . Umsebenzi woluguquko uphasiswa nguHISTIGNORE . Imigca yesibini kunye elandelayo yomyalelo wekhampasi yamaninzi ayivavanywa , kwaye yongezwa kwimbali kungakhathaliseki ixabiso le- HISTCONTROL .

HISTFILE

Igama lefayili apho imbali yomyalelo igcinwa khona (jonga i- HISTORIA ngaphantsi). Ixabiso elingagqibekanga li ~ ~ .bash_history . Ukuba unset, imbali yomyalelo ayigcinwanga xa igobolondo elisebenzayo liphuma.

HISTFILESIZE

Inombolo ephezulu yemigca equlethwe kwifayile yomlando. Xa le nguquko ibelwe ixabiso, ifayile yeembali ilandelwe, xa kuyimfuneko, ukuba ingabikho ngaphandle kwelo nani lemiqolo. Ixabiso elingagqibekanga li-500. Ifayile yomlando iphinde isetyenziswe kule ngqangi emva kokuyibhala xa iqhosha elisebenzayo liphuma.

HISTIGNORE

Uluhlu oluhlukileyo lweefolati zamaphetheni ezisetyenziselwa ukugqiba ukuba yeyiphi imilayezo yomyalelo kufuneka igcinwe kwiluhlu lomlando. Imodeli nganye ibambelelwe ekuqaleni komgca kwaye imele ifane nomgca opheleleyo (akukho nanye ' * ' ehlanganisiweyo). Iphepha ngalinye livavanywa kumgca emva kokuhlola okuchazwe yi- HISTCONTROL ifakiwe . Ukongeza kwiifayile eziqhelekileyo zefayile zefayile, ' & & ' zifana nomgca wembali wangaphambili. ' & ' unokusinda ngokusebenzisa i-backslash; i-backslash isuswe ngaphambi kokuzama umdlalo. Imigca yesibini kunye elandelayo yomyalelo wekhampasi yamaninzi ayihlolwe , kwaye yongezwa kwimbali kungakhathaliseki ixabiso le- HISTIGNORE .

HISTSIZE

Inombolo yemiyalelo yokukhumbula kwimbali yomyalelo (bona i- HISTORI ngaphantsi). Ixabiso elingagqibekanga li-500.

IKHAYA

Ulawulo lwekhaya lomsebenzisi wangoku; ingxabano engapheliyo yomyalelo we- cd builtin. Ixabiso le nguquko lisetyenziselwa xa kuqhutyelwa ukwandiswa kwetilde.

HOSTFILE

Iqukethe igama lefayili kwifomathi efanayo kunye / njl / imikhosi ekufuneka ifundwe xa igobolondo ifuna ukugqiba igama lomninimzi. Uludwe lwegama lomncedisi onokuthi lugqityiwe lugqityiwe luya kutshintshwa ngelixa igobolondo isebenza Ngexesha elizayo ixesha lokuzaliswa kwegama lomninimzamo uzama emva kokuba ixabiso litshintshwe, ibhas idibanisa okuqukethwe kwefayili entsha kwiluhlu olukhoyo. Ukuba i- HOSTFILE isetyenzisiweyo, kodwa ingenanto , ibhashingi izama ukufunda / njl / imikhosi yokufumana uluhlu lokuzaliswa kwegama lomninimzi. Xa i- HOSTFILE ingaqali , uluhlu lwegama lomncedisi luyacinywa.

IFS

I- Field Field Separator esetyenziselwa ukuhlukanisa amagama emva kokunyuselwa kunye nokwahlula imigca ngamagama kunye nomyalelo ofundwayo. Ixabiso elingagqibekanga lithi `` ''.

IGNOREEOF

Ulawula isenzo segobolondo edibeneyo ekufumaneni umlingiswa we- EOF njengenjongo yodwa. Ukuba isetyenzisiweyo, inani liyinombolo yeziganeko ze- EOF ezilandelelanayo ezimele zifakwe njengabalinganiswa bokuqala kumgca wokungena ngaphambi kokuphuma kwebhasti. Ukuba uguquko lukhona kodwa alinani lexabiso, okanye alinanto, ixabiso elingagqibekanga li-10. Ukuba alukho, i- EOF ibonisa ukuphela kwegalelo kwigobolondo.

INPUTRC

Ifayile yefayili yokuqalisa yokufunda , ngaphezu kokungagqibekanga kwe ~ ~ .inputrc (jonga READLINE ngezantsi).

LANG

Kusetyenziswe ukuchonga isigaba sendawo kuyo nayiphi na inqanaba elingakhethiweyo ngokukodwa ngokuchaseneyo okuqala ngeLC_ .

LC_ALL

Olu tshintshayo lugqithisa inani le- LANG kunye naluphi na uhlobo oluthile lwe- LC_ oluchaza icandelo lendawo.

LC_COLLATE

Olu tshintshayo luchaza umyalelo wokuqhagamshela owenziwe xa ukhetha iziphumo zendlela yokwandisa, kwaye unquma ukuziphatha kweentetho zeentlobo, iiklasi ezilinganayo, kunye nokulandelelana kokulandelana kwindlela yokunyuselwa kunye nokufaniswa komzekelo.

LC_CTYPE

Olu tshintshayo luchaza ukuchazwa kwabalinganiswa kunye nokuziphatha kweeklasi zomgca phakathi kwendlela yokwandisa kunye nokufaniswa komzekelo.

LC_MESSAGES

Olu guquka lubonisa indawo ekusetshenziselwa ukuguqulela imichilo ecatshulwe kabini elandelwe i $ .

LC_NUMERIC

Olu tshintshayo luchaza isigaba sendawo esisetyenziselwa ukufometha kwenombolo.

LINES

Isetyenziswe ngumyalelo okhethiweyo wokhethwa ukucacisa ubude bekholomu yokunyathelisa uluhlu lokukhetha. Ukusetha ngokuzenzekelayo xa ufumana iSIGWINCH.

MAIL

Ukuba le parameter isetyenziswe kwigama lefayile kwaye i- MAILPATH isitshixo ayisetyenzisiwe , ibhashe iyazisa umsebenzisi wokufika kweposi kwifayile ecacisiweyo.

MAILCHECK

Icacisa ukuba kaninzi kangakanani (ngamasekhondi) uhlalutye iisheyile. Okungagqibekanga yimitha engama-60. Xa lixesha lokujonga i-imeyile, igobolondo iyenjenjalo ngaphambi kokuba ibonise i-prompt prompt. Ukuba olu phawu olutshintsho lungasetyenziswanga, okanye lubekwe kwixabiso elingenani inani elikhulu kunokuba lilingane nelo, igobolondo ikhubaza i-imeyile yokuhlola.

MAILPATH

Uluhlu oluhlukileyo lwamakholomu amagama eefayile ukuba ahlolwe ngeposi. Umyalezo ozophrinta xa iposi ifika kwifayile ethile ingachazwa ngokuhlula igama lefayile kumyalezo nge `? '. Xa isetyenziswe kwisicatshulwa somyalezo, i-$ _ iya kwigama le-imeyile ye-imeyile. Umzekelo:

MAILPATH = '/ var / mail / bfox? "Unayo imeyile": ~ ~ / i-shell ye-imeyile? "I-$ _ ineposi!"'

I-Bash inikezela ixabiso elingagqibekanga kule nguquko, kodwa indawo yeefayile ze-imeyile ezisebenzisayo kuxhomekeke kwinkqubo (umzekelo, / var / i-mail / $ USER ).

OPTERR

Ukuba isetyenziswe kwixabiso 1, ibhashe ibonisa imilayezo yephutha eveliswa ngumyalelo we- getopts builtin (bona i- SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS ngezantsi). I-OPTERR iqaliswa kwi-1 nganye ngexesha elikhethiweyo lifunyenwe okanye iskripthi script iyenziwa.

PATH

Indlela yokukhangela imiyalelo. Uluhlu oluhlukileyo lwama-colon lwamaxwebhu apho igobolondo ibheka imilayezo (jonga UKUQONGWA KWEMITHETHO engezantsi). Indlela engapheliyo kuxhomekeke kwinkqubo, kwaye isetwe ngumlawuli ofaka ukutshaya. Ixabiso eliqhelekileyo lithi `` / usr / gnu / bin: / usr / yendawo / ibini: / usr / ucb: / bin: / usr / bin: ''.

POSIXLY_CORRECT

Ukuba oku kuguquguqukayo kukusingqongileyo xa iqela liqala, igobolondo ingena kwimodi ye-posix ngaphambi kokufunda iifayile zokuqalisa, njengokungathi i- postposi yokucela i- post isinikeziwe . Ukuba isetyenziswe ngexesha igobolondo isebenza, ibhashe yenza imodeli ye-posix , ngokungathi umyalelo obekiwe -o posix uyenziwe .

INKQUBO YOMTHETHO

Ukuba isetyenziswe, ixabiso lenziwa njengomyalelo ngaphambi kokuba kukhutshwe ikhefu lokuqala.

PS1

Ixabiso le parameter landisiwe (jonga UKUPHUMA ngezansi) kwaye usetyenziswe njengesicatshulwa esisisiseko sokukhawuleza. Ixabiso elingagqibekanga liyi `` \ s- \ v \ $ ''.

PS2

Ixabiso le parameter lwandiswa njenge PS1 kwaye lisetyenziswe njengesicatshulwa sokukhawuleza. Okungagqibekanga kukuthi `` > ''.

PS3

Ixabiso le parameter lisetyenziswe njengesiphumo somyalelo okhethiweyo (jonga i- SHELL GRAMMAR ngaphezulu).

PS4

Ixabiso le parameter lwandiswa njenge PS1 kwaye ixabiso liprintwe ngaphambi kokuba umyalelo ngamnye ubhaliswe ngexesha lokulandelwa komsebenzi. Umlingisi wokuqala we- PS4 uphendulwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo, njengoko kuyimfuneko, ukubonisa amanqanaba amaninzi okulungiswa. Okungagqibekanga kukuthi `` + ''.

TIMEFORMAT

Ixabiso le parameter lisetyenziswe njengefomathi yofomathi ecacisa ukuba ulwazi lwexesha lokusebenzisa iipayipi ngaphambi kokuba lifihliwe ngeli xesha ligcinwe limele liboniswe. I- % ibinzana izisa ukulandelelana kokulandelelana okwandiswa kwixabiso lexesha okanye olunye ulwazi. Ukulandelwa kokuphepha kunye neentsingiselo zabo zilandelayo; i-braces ichaza iingxenye ezikhethiweyo.

%%

Iqobo % .

% [ p ] [l] R

Ixesha elidlulileyo kwimizuzwana.

% [ p ] [l] U

Inani lamasekhondi ase CPU asetshenziswe kwimodi yomsebenzisi.

% [ p ] [l] S

Inani lamasekhondi ase CPU asetshenziswe kwinkqubo yenkqubo.

% P

Ipesenti ye-CPU, ebalwa njengayo (% U +% S) /% R.

I- p optional idijithi ecacisa ukuchaneka , inani leenombolo zeqhekeza emva kwendawo yokugqibela. Ixabiso le-0 lenza ukuba kungabikho nendawo yokugqibela okanye iqhekeza eliza kubakho. Kwiindawo ezininzi ezithathu emva kwendawo yokugqibela echazwe; Ixabiso le- p ngaphezu kwe-3 liguqulwa libe li-3. Ukuba i- p ingacacisiwe, inani le-3 lisetyenzisiweyo.

Ikhetho l luchaza ifomati ende, kuquka imizuzu, yefom MM . FF s. Ixabiso le- p ligqiba ukuba ingaba inxalenye leyo ifakiwe.

Ukuba olu phawu olususwanga lubekwe, i- bash isenza ngokungathi ixabiso le $ '\ nreal \ t% 3lR \ nuser \ t% 3lU \ nsys% 3lS' . Ukuba ixabiso aliyilo, akukho nkcazelo yenkcazelo iboniswa. Umnxeba omtsha olandelwayo ungezwa xa umtya wefomathi uboniswa.

TMOUT

Ukuba isetyenziswe kwixabiso elingaphezulu kunezero, i- TMOUT ithathwa njengexesha lokungagqibekanga lokufunda . Umyalelo wokukhetha ugqiba ukuba ingeniso ayifuni emva kwemizuzwana ye- TMOUT xa igalelo livela kwi-terminal. Kwiqobolwano elisebenzisanayo, ixabiso lichazwa njengokuba inani lemizuzwana limele ulinde igalelo emva kokukhupha okuphambili. I-Bash iphela emva kokulinda loo nombolo yemizuzwana ukuba ingeniso ingenayo.

auto_resume

Olu tshintshayo lulawula indlela igoboliti edibana ngayo nomsebenzisi kunye nokulawula umsebenzi. Ukuba olu luhlu oluthile lubekwe, imiyalelo elula yomyalelo ngaphandle kwemigaqo iphathwe njengabaviwa ukuba kuphinde kuqalwe umsebenzi omile. Akukho zizathu ezivumelekileyo; ukuba kukho umsebenzi ongaphezu komnye oqala ngomtya othayishiwe, umsebenzi ogqitywa kutshanje ukhethwe. Igama lomsebenzi omisiwe, kulo mongo, ngumgca womyalelo osetyenziswayo ukuwuqala. Ukuba isetyenziswe kwixabiso elichanekileyo , umtya onikezelweyo kufuneka uqhathanise negama lokuyeka umsebenzi ngokuchanekileyo; ukuba isetyenziswe kwisiqendu , umtya okhutshwayo kufuneka uhambelane nomgca wegama lomsebenzi omile. Ixabiso le- substring linikeza ukusebenza okufana ne %? isihlonzi somsebenzi (jonga UKUPHATHWA KWEJOBE ngezansi). Ukuba isetyenziswe kunoma yiyiphi enye intengo, umgca okhutshwayo kufuneka ube ngumhlathi wokuqala wegama lomsebenzi; Oku kunikeza ukusebenza okufana nomsebenzisi we- % .

histchars

Abalinganiswa ababini okanye abathathu abalawula ukwandiswa kwembali kunye nokunyusa (khangela i- HISTORY EXPANSION engezantsi). Umlingiso wokuqala ngumfanekiso wokwandisa umlando , umlingisi obonisa ukuqala kwandiso lomlando, ngokuqhelekileyo ` ! '. Isalathiso sesibini ngumfanekiso wokutshintshwa ngokukhawuleza , osetyenziselwa njengendlela emfutshane yokuphinda usebenze umyalelo wangaphambili ongenayo, ukufaka enye intambo yomnye ngomyalelo. Okungagqibekanga kukuthi ` ^ '. Umntu wesithathu okhethiweyo ngumlingisi obonisa ukuba intsalela yomgca igalelo xa ifunyenwe njengomlingiswa wokuqala wegama, ngokuqhelekileyo ` # '. Umlingisi wombono wembali wenza ukuba indawo yesigcawu ishintshwe ngamazwi asele kumgca. Akubangela ukuba igobolondo isilungele ukuphatha lonke umgca njengengxelo.

Iimpawu

I-Bash inikeza iinguqu ezifanayo zemihla. Naluphi na utshintsho olunokusetyenziswa njengoluhlu; ukuvakaliswa kwakhayo kuya kuchaza ngokucacileyo uluhlu. Akukho mkhawulo omkhulu kumlinganiselo woluhlu, kwaye akukho mfuneko yokuba amalungu abekwe kwiikholomu okanye abelwe ngokuzenzekelayo. Iimirhumo zikhoyelwe ngeeferensi kwaye zisekelwe kwi-zero.

Iqela lenziwe ngokuzenzekelayo ukuba nayiphi na into eguquguqukileyo eyabelwe ukusebenzisa igama le-syntax [ subscript ] = xabiso . I- subscription iyaphathwa njengendlela ye-arithmetic ekufuneka ihlolisise kwinani elingaphaya okanye elilinganayo nelo. Ukucacisa ngokucacileyo uluhlu, sebenzisa ukuvakalisa -gama (jonga i- SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS ngezantsi). ukuvakalisa -gama [i- subscription ] yamkelwa kwakhona; i- subscription ayinakunyuswa. Iimpawu zingabonakaliswa ukuba ziguquke ngokweenqanaba ezibonisa ukuvakalisa nokuvakalisa ukufunda. Umxholo ngamnye usebenza kuwo onke amalungu eqela.

Iimirhumo zinikezelwe ukusebenzisa izabelo zenkomfa yegama lefom = = xabiso 1 ... xabiso n ) , apho ixabiso ngalinye lisefomu [ subscript ] = intambo . Kufuneka umtya kuphela. Ukuba ngaba iibhanki ezikhethiweyo kunye neentlawulo zinikezelwa, eso saziso sibelwe; ngenye indlela isalathisi sento esabelwe yinkcazo yokugqibela eyabelwe ngxelo kunye nenye. Ukuqhotyosheliswa kokuqala kuqala kwi-zero. Le syntax iyakwamkelwa ngokuvakalisa ukwakha. Izinto ezihlukeneyo zingabelwa ukusebenzisa igama [i- subscript ] = ixabiso le- syntax elichazwe ngasentla.

Ukungahlanganisi okwakhiwe kuyasetyenziswa ukutshabalalisa izixhobo. unyuse igama [i- subscript ] libhubhisa isalathisi sendawo kwi-index subscript . cwangcisa igama , apho igama liluhlu, okanye unyuse igama [i- subscript ], apho i- subscript * okanye @ , isusa yonke into.

Ukuvakalisa, ukuhlaziywa kwendawo , kunye nokwakhiwa kokufunda ngokukodwa kwamkele i-option ukucacisa uluhlu. Ifundwa eyakhelwe iyakwamukela i-a khetho yokwabela uluhlu lwamagama afundwayo ukusuka kwi-input standard ukuya kwiqela. Ukusekwa nokuvakalisa izakhi zibonisa ixabiso leenqobo ngendlela ebenza ukuba basebenzise kwakhona njengezabelo.

UKUPHATHA

Ukwandiswa kwenziwa kwinqanaba lomyalelo emva kokuba lihlukaniswe ngamazwi. Kukho iintlobo ezisixhenxe zokwandiswa okwenziwayo: ukwandisa ukwandiswa , ukukhushulwa , iparameter kunye nokwandiswa kwezinto eziguquguqukayo , ukufakwa endaweni yomyalelo , ukwandiswa kwe-arithmetic , ukwahlukana kwegama , kunye nokwandiswa kwegama .

Umyalelo wokugqithiswa ngowoku: ukwandisa ukwandiswa, ukunyusa, iparameter, ukwandiswa kwezinto ezikhoyo kunye ne-arithmetic kunye nokufakelwa komyalelo (okwenziwe kwindlela ekhohlo ukuya kwesokudla), ukwahlukana kwegama kunye nendlela yokwandisa.

Kwiinkqubo ezinokukuxhasa, kukho ukwanda okongeziweyo okukhoyo: indawo yokufaka endaweni .

Ukwandiswa kweBrace

Ukwandiswa kwe-brace yindlela eyenziwa ngayo imilenze engabonakaliyo. Le ndlela ifana nomendo wendlela yokwandisa , kodwa iifayile ezivelisiweyo azikho. Iipateni zokuba zikhutshwe nge-brace zithatha ifom yokhetho olukhethiweyo, olulandelwe uluhlu lwamacandelo ahlukaniswe ngama-comma phakathi kweesibini zeebhonki, ezilandelwa ngumbhalo wokubhala ozikhethelayo. I-preamble iqhotyoshelweyo kumtya ngamnye ngamnye oqulethwe kwiibraces, kwaye i-postcript ifakwe kwisiqalo ngasinye, esanda kwesobunxele ukuya kwesokudla.

Ukugqithiswa kwe-brace kungadliwa. Iziphumo zomtya ngamnye owandisiweyo azihlulwanga; ukushiya ukuya kwinqanaba elungileyo ligcinwe. Ngokomzekelo, { d, c, b } iya kwi-`ade ace ibe '.

Ukwandiswa kwe-brace kwenziwa ngaphambi kokuba kukho naziphi ezinye iindleko, kwaye naziphi na iimpawu ezikhethekileyo kwezinye iindleko zigcinwe kwisiphumo. Ingqongqo. I-Bash ayisebenzisi nayiphi na intsingiselo yokwenziwa kwe-syntactic kumxholo wokwandiswa okanye umbhalo phakathi kwe-braces.

Oku kwakhiwa ngokuqhelekileyo kusetyenziswa njengesiqhelo xa iqhosha eliqhelekileyo leemichilo eziza kubalwa lide kunomzekelo ongentla:

mkdir / usr / wendawo / src / bash / {ubudala, entsha, dist, bugs}

okanye

ingcambu ekhonkco /usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/{ex?.?*,how_ex}}

Ukwandiswa kwe-Brace kuveza ukungqinelani okukodwa kunye neenguqulelo zesiganeko. sh ayiphathe i-braces yokuvula okanye yokuvala ngokukhethekileyo xa ibonakala njengenxalenye yegama, kwaye igcinwe kwimveliso. I-Bash isusa amabhonksi kumazwi ngenxa yokunyuka kwe-brace. Ngokomzekelo, igama elifakwe kwi sh njengefayile {1,2} livela ngokungafaniyo kwimveliso. Igama elifanayo liveliswa njengefayile1 ifayile2 emva kokunyuselwa ngokutsha. Ukuba ukuhambelana okuqinileyo kunye nokufunwa ngu- sh kuyakuthi, qalisa ukutshabalalisa nge- B okanye ukhethe ukukhushulwa kwe-brace kunye nenketho ye- B + kumyalelo obekwe (jonga i- SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS ngezantsi).

Ukwandiswa kweTilde

Ukuba igama liqala ngumbonakaliso ongagqibekanga (` ~ '), bonke abalinganiswa abangaphambi kokugqithwa kokuqala okungabandakanyiweyo (okanye bonke abalinganiswa, ukuba akukho bhonshi engabandakanyiweyo) bajongwa njengesigxina sokuqala . Ukuba akukho nanye kubalingiswa kwisiqulatho esiphezulu, kucaciswe amagama abalinganiswa kwisiqulatho esilandelayo emva kwe-tilde njengegama lokungena ngemvume . Ukuba leli gama lokungena liyintambo engenanto, i-tilde ithathelwe indawo kunye nexabiso leparameter IKHAYA . Ukuba i- HOME ayilungisekanga, ulawulo lwekhaya lomsebenzisi okwenza igobolondo litshintshwa endaweni yalo. Ngaphandle koko, isiqulatho-tilde sithatha indawo kunye nencwadi yasekhaya ehambelana negama lokungena elikhankanywe.

Ukuba isiqulatho-tilde '`~ +', ixabiso le- PWD ekhethiweyo yendawo yeqhosha libeka endaweni ye-tilde-prefix. Ukuba i-pre-tilde-prefix '`~ -', ixabiso lentengo yegobolondo OLDPWD , ukuba isetyenziswe, ifakwe endaweni. Ukuba abalinganiswa abalandelayo be-tilde kwi-tilde-prefix baqulethwe ngenombolo N , ngokukhethwa kukho kwangaphambili kufakwe '+' okanye `- ', isiqulatho-tilde sithatha indawo kunye nenxalenye ehambelanayo ukusuka kwirekhodi yokugcina, njengoko kuya kuboniswa ngabadirs builtin bafunyenwe ngephambili-mbhalo njengengxabano. Ukuba abalinganiswa abalandela umgca kwisiqulatho sesilwanyana baqulethwe ngenombolo ngaphandle kwe-'+' okanye `- ',' + '.

Ukuba igama lokungena livumelekile, okanye ukwandiswa kwetil ehluleka, igama aliguqukanga.

Isabelo ngasinye sahlukileyo sihlolwe kwii-prefixes ezingabandakanyiyo emva koko : okanye = . Kule meko, ukukhushulwa kwenziwa kwakhona. Ngenxa yoko, umntu angasebenzisa amagama wefayile nge-tildes kwizabelo kwi- PATH , MAILPATH , ne- CDPATH , kwaye igobolondo inika ixabiso elongeziweyo.

Ukwandiswa kweParameter

Uhlamvu ' $ ' luzisa ukwandiswa kweparameter, indawo yokumisela, okanye ukwandiswa kwe-arithmetic. Igama lepharamitha okanye uphawu olwandisiweyo lungafakwa kwiibhonksi, ezikhethiweyo kodwa zisebenzela ukukhusela ukuguquguquka ukuba kwandiswe ukusuka kubalinganiswa ngokukhawuleza okuza kuguqulelwa njengengxenye yegama.

Xa kusetshenziswe iibrase, i-brace yokuphela efana neyokuqala ` } 'ayizange iphunyezwe ngokubuya komtya okanye kwintambo ecatshulwayo, kungekhona ngaphakathi kwandiso lwe-arithmetic ebandakanyisiweyo, ukufakwa endaweni yomyalelo, okanye ukwandiswa kweparameter.

Ixabiso leparameter lifakwe endaweni. Iibhonki ziyadingeka xa ipharamitha yiparameter yeposenti eneenombolo ezingaphezu kweyodwa, okanye xa ipharamitha ilandelwa ngumlingiswa ongeke ukutolika njengenxalenye yegama layo.

Kwimiqathango engezantsi, igama lixhomekeke ekukhuliseni ukwandiswa, ukwandiswa kweparameter, indawo yokumisela, kunye nokwandiswa kweemvumelwano. Xa ungenzi ukwenza i-substring expansion, hlengisa iimvavanyo zeparameter ezingaqaliyo okanye ezingenanto; ukushiya iziphumo zekholoni kuvavanyo kuphela kwiparameter engasetyenziswanga.

Sebenzisa iiMilinganiselo eziPhezulu . Ukuba iparameter ayilungise okanye ayikho, ukwandiswa kwegama kufakwe endaweni. Ngaphandle koko, ixabiso leparameter lifakwe endaweni.

Nika iiMilinganiselo eziPhezulu . Ukuba iparameter ayikhethi okanye ayikho, ukwandiswa kwegama kunikwe iparameter . Ixabiso leparameter liza kufakwa endaweni. Iipasimeters zendawo kunye neeramitha ezizodwa ezingenakunikwa ngale ndlela.

Bonisa Iphutha xa i-Null okanye i-Unset . Ukuba iparameter ayinanto okanye ayinakususwa, ukwandiswa kwegama (okanye umyalezo kuloo mpahla ukuba igama lingekho) libhalwa kwiphutha eliqhelekileyo kwaye igobolondo, ukuba ayinxibelelwano, iphuma. Ngaphandle koko, ixabiso leparameter lifakwe endaweni.

Sebenzisa ixabiso elongezelelweyo . Ukuba iparameter ayinanto okanye ayikhethi, akukho nto ifakwe endaweni, kungenjalo ukwandiswa kwegama kufakwe endaweni.

Ukwandisa kumagama eziguquko amagama abo aqala ngephambili , ahlukaniswe ngumlingisi wokuqala we- IFS ekhethiweyo.

Ubude kubalinganiswa bexabiso leparameter kufakwe endaweni. Ukuba iparameter * okanye @ , ixabiso eliyitshintshiweyo inani leemimiselo zendawo. Ukuba iparameter igama elibhaliweyo elibhalwe ngu * okanye @ , ixabiso eliyitshintshiweyo inani lezinto kwi-array.

Igama liyakwandiswa ukuze livelise iphethini njengendlela yokwandisa igama. Ukuba umzekelo ufaniswa nokuqala kwexabiso le parameter , ke umphumo wokwandiswa lixabiso elongeziweyo lepaketari kunye nephethini elifutshane kakhulu (le `` ` # '') okanye iphethini elide kunayo (` ` ## ' 'ityala) lisusiwe. Ukuba iparameter i- @ okanye * , umsebenzi wokususa iprothetti isetyenziswe kwiparimeter ngayinye yeposi, kwaye ukwandiswa luluhlu oluphumela. Ukuba iparameter yintlobo eguquguqukayo elandelwayo ne- * okanye * , umsebenzi wokususa iprothethi isetyenziselwa ilungu ngalinye leqela ngokubhekiselele, kwaye ukwandiswa luluhlu oluphumela.

Igama liyakwandiswa ukuze livelise iphethini njengendlela yokwandisa igama. Ukuba iphethini ifana nesahlulo esilandelayo sexabiso elongeziweyo leparameter , ke umphumo wokwandiswa lixabiso elongeziweyo leparameter ngefayile ehambelana neyona mfutshane ('` %% ') okanye iphetheni elide kakhulu (` ` % % '' ityala) isusiwe. Ukuba iparameter i- @ okanye * , umsebenzi wokususa iprothetti isetyenziswe kwiparimeter ngayinye yeposi, kwaye ukwandiswa luluhlu oluphumela. Ukuba iparameter yintlobo eguquguqukayo elandelwayo ne- * okanye * , umsebenzi wokususa iprothethi isetyenziselwa ilungu ngalinye leqela ngokubhekiselele, kwaye ukwandiswa luluhlu oluphumela.

Iphethini iyanwetshwa ukuze kuveliswe umzekelo njengendlela yokwandisa igama. Iparameter iyanwetshwa kwaye umdlalo omde kakhulu wephethini ngokumelene nexabiso layo ithathelwe indawo ngomtya . Kwifomu yokuqala, kuphela umdlalo wokuqala ulandelwa. Ifomu lesibini lenza zonke iimpawu zendlela yokutshintshwa ngomtya . Ukuba iphethini iqalisa nge # , kufuneka ibhathane ekuqaleni kwexabiso elongeziweyo leparameter . Ukuba iphethini iqalisa nge % , kufuneka ibhatshwe ekupheleni kwexabiso elongeziweyo leparameter . Ukuba umnqamlezo awunanto, iimpawu zomzekelo ziyacinywa kwaye iphethini elilandelayo liyakushiywa. Ukuba iparameter i- @ okanye * , umsebenzi wokufaka indawo usetyenziswa kwiparameter ngayinye yeposi, kwaye ukwandiswa luluhlu oluphumela. Ukuba iparameter yintlobo eguquguqukayo enegama elingu- @ okanye * , umsebenzi wokufaka indawo usetyenziselwa ilungu ngalinye le-array ngokubhekiselele, kwaye ukwandiswa luluhlu olulandelayo.

Ulawulo lweNdawo

Indawo yokumisela ivumela ukuphuma komyalelo ukutshintsha igama lomyalelo. Kukho iifom ezimbini:

$ ( umyalelo )

okanye

myalelo '

I-Bash yenza ukwandiswa ngokumisela umyalelo kunye nokufaka endaweni yomyalelo esikhundleni somgangatho osemgangathweni womyalelo, kunye naluphi na olutsha olulandelayo olususwayo. Iinkcukacha ezitsha ezifakiwe azicinywa, kodwa zingasuswa ngexesha lokwahlukana kwegama. Umyalelo wokufaka endaweni ye-$ ( ifayile yekethi ) inokuthi ithathelwe endaweni elinganayo kodwa ikhuphe i $ (< ifayile ).

Xa ifom yohlobo lomdala yokubuyisela isetyenzisiwe, ukubuyisela emuva kugcina ingqalelo yaloqobo ngaphandle kokuba ilandelwa yi $ , ` , okanye \ . Umqolo wokuqala ongaphambi kwe-backslash ugqithisa indawo yokufaka endaweni. Xa usebenzisa ifomu ye-$ ( umyalelo ), bonke abalinganiswa phakathi kwabazali baba nomyalelo; akukho nto iphathwa ngayo ngokukhethekileyo.

Amanqaku afanelekileyo angamkelwa. Ukwenza isidleke xa usebenzisa ifom elandelelweyo, sukela i-backquotes yangaphakathi kunye ne-backslashes.

Ukuba ukufaka endaweni kubonakala kwiingcaphuno eziphindwe kabini, ukuhlukana kwegama kunye nokwandiswa kwegama kungenziwa kwiziphumo.

Ukwandiswa kweArithmetic

Ukwandiswa kwe-Arithmetic kuvumela ukuvandlakanywa kwembonakalo ye-arithmetic kunye nokufakwa kwesiphumo. Ifomathi yokwandiswa kwe-arithmetic yile:

$ (( ibinzana )

Ili gama liphathwa njengokuba liphakathi kweempendulo eziphindwe kabini, kodwa ukucaphulwa kabini phakathi kwabazali babafundi abaphathwa ngokukodwa. Zonke iimpawu ekuthethwa ngayo ziyakwandiswa kweeparitha, ukwandiswa kwetambo, indawo yokumisela, kunye nokususwa kweempendulo. Izikhundla ze-Arithmetic zingaba zidle.

Uvavanyo luyenziwa ngokwemiqathango echazwe ngezantsi phantsi kovavanyo lwe-ARITHMETIC . Ukuba ibinzana alivumelekanga, ibhashe iprinta umyalezo obonisa ukungaphumeleli kwaye akukho ndawo ithatha indawo.

Inkqubo yeNdawo

Ukutshintsha indawo kuxhaswa kwiinkqubo ezixhasa iipayipi ( FIFOs ) okanye indlela / dev / fd yokubiza iifayile ezivulekileyo. Kuthatha ifom ye << uludwe ) okanye > ( uluhlu ) . Uluhlu lwenkqubo luqhutywa ngegalelo layo okanye isiphumo esixhunywe kwiFIFO okanye enye ifayile kwi / dev / fd . Igama le fayile liyadluliselwa njengengxabano kumyalelo wangoku nje ngenxa yesandiso. Ukuba ifowuni > ( uluhlu ) ifakelwe, ukubhalwa kwifayili kuza kunika igalelo kwoluhlu . Ukuba ifom <<( uluhlu ) isetyenzisiweyo, ifayili idlulileyo njengengxabano kufuneka ifundwe ukufumana umphumo woluhlu .

Xa ikhona, inqubo yokufaka indawo yenziwa ngokuxeshanye kunye neparameter kunye nokwandiswa okutshintshayo, indawo yokumisela, kunye nokwandiswa kwe-arithmetic.

ILizwi elichithwayo

Igobolondo ihlola iziphumo zokunyuselwa kweparameter, ukufakwa endaweni yomyalelo, kunye nokwandiswa kweemali ezingabonakali kwiingcaphuno ezibini zokuqhekeka kwegama .

Igobolondo ibamba isicatshulwa ngasinye se- IFS njenge-delimiter, kwaye idibanisa iziphumo zenye idibanisa ngamazwi kulaba bantu. Ukuba i- IFS ingasetyenziswanga, okanye ixabiso layo liyi < , engagqibekanga, ngoko nayiphi na ilandelelwano lwezinhlamvu ze- IFS zisebenza ukuthumela amagama. Ukuba i- IFS inenani elithile ngaphandle kokungagqibekanga, ukulandelelana kwendawo yabalinganiswa be-whitespace kwaye ithebhu ayigcinwa ekuqaleni nasekupheleni kwegama, ngokukhawuleza ukuba uhlamvu lwe-whitespace lixabiso le- IFS (umgca we- IFS we- whitespace). Nawuphi na umlingisi we- IFS ongekho i- IFS spacepace, kunye neyiphi na i-Characters ye- IFS ye- whitespace, idibanisa intsimi. Ulandelelwano lwabalandeli be- IFS be- whitespace baphathwa njengendlela yokumisa. Ukuba ixabiso le- IFS aliyonto, akukho kuhlukana kwegama kwenzeka.

Kucacisa izizathu ezingenanto ( "" okanye '' ) zigcinwa. Iingxoxo ezingenanto ezingabikhoyo, ezibangelwa ukwandiswa kweerameters ezingenayo ixabiso, zisuswe. Ukuba ipharamitha engenaxabiso liyakwandiswa kwiingcaphuno eziphindwe kabini, iziphumo ezingavumelekanga kwaye zigcinwe.

Qaphela ukuba ukuba akukho kwandiswa, akukho kukwahlukana.

Ukwandisa igama

Emva kokuqhekeka kwegama, ngaphandle kokuba -af option sele isetyenzisiwe, bash uhlaziya igama ngalinye kubalinganiswa * ,? , kunye [ . Ukuba kukho enye yala manqaku, igama libhekwa njengomzekelo, kwaye litshintshelwe uluhlu lweelfabhethi olukhethiweyo lwamagama eefayile afana nomzekelo. Ukuba akukho namagama efayile afanayo afumanekileyo, kwaye ikhetho ye- nullglob ikhutshaziwe, igama lishiye litshintshiwe. Ukuba ukhetho lwe- nullglob lubekwe, kwaye akukho mveliso efunyenweyo, igama lisusiwe. Ukuba ikhekheglob yokukhetha ikheksi yenziwe inikwe amandla, umdlalo uyenziwa ngaphandle kwemeko yabalinganiswa bee-alphabetic. Xa iphethini isetyenziselwa ukwandiswa kwegama lomsebenzi , umgca ``. '' Ekuqaleni kwegama okanye ngokukhawuleza emva kwe-slash kufuneka ifaniswe ngokucacileyo, ngaphandle kokuba i- dotglob ekhethiweyo ikhetho . Xa uhambelana nomnxeba, umgca we-slash kufuneka uhlale uhambelana ngokucacileyo. Kwezinye iimeko, uhlamvu lwe ``. '' Aluphathwe ngokukodwa. Bona inkcazo yezantsi apha ngaphantsi kwe- SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS kwinkcazo ye- nocaseglob , nullglob kunye nekhetho ze- shellglob .

I- GLOBIGNORE ingqamaniso yecokolongo ingasetyenziselwa ukukhawulela isethi yamagama efayile afana nomzekelo . Ukuba i- GLOBIGNORE isetyenzisiweyo, igama lefayile ehambelana nelinye nelinye leepateni ku- GLOBIGNORE lisuswa kwiluhlu lwemidlalo. Iifayile zefayile ``. '' Kunye `` .. '' zihlala zinganakwa, nangona i- GLOBIGNORE isetyenziswe. Nangona kunjalo, ukubeka i- GLOBIGNORE inefuthe lokunika ithuba lokukhetha ikheglebhu ye - dotglob , ngoko ke onke amanye amagama efayile aqala nge ``. '' Aya kufana. Ukufumana ukuziphatha kwangaphambili kokungahoywa amagama eefayile kuqala nge ``. ' , Yenza ``.' ' Enye yeepateni ku- GLOBIGNORE . Ukhetho lwe- dotglob lukhutshaziwe xa i- GLOBIGNORE ingasetyenziswanga .

Ukulinganisa Iphethini

Nawuphi na umfanekiso ovela kwipatheni, ngaphandle kweendlela ezikhethiweyo zepateni ezichazwe ngezantsi, zidibanisa ngokwazo. Isalathisi se-NUL asinakwenzeka kwipatheni. Abalinganiswa bemizekelo ekhethekileyo kufuneka bacatshulwe ukuba bafanele ukulingana.

Iimpawu ezikhethekileyo zepateni zinentsingiselo elandelayo:

*

Idibanisa nayiphi na intambo, kuquka nomtya ongenanto.

?

Ufanisa naluphi na umlinganisi omnye.

[...]

Ufanisa naluphi na uhlobo lwabalinganiswa obudibeneyo. Iibini zobuntu ezihlukaniswe ngumbonakalo kubonisa uluhlu lwamabala ; nayiphi na impawu ehamba phakathi kwala mabini abalinganiswa, okubandakanya, usebenzisa ukulandelelana kweendawo ezikhoyo kunye nokusekwa komgca, kufanelana. Ukuba umlingisi wokuqala olandelayo [ ngu ! okanye ^ ke nawuphi na umgca ongafakiweyo uhambelana. Ukuhlelwa kwemifanekiso yabalinganiswa kumabonakude olwahlulo kunqunywe yendawo yangoku kunye nenani le- LC_COLLATE yegobolithi eguqukileyo, ukuba isetyenziswe. A - ingafaniswa ngokuquka okokuqala njengomgca wokugqibela okanye wokugqibela kwisethi. A ] inokufaniswa ngokubandakanya njengomlingisi wokuqala kwisethi.

Ngaphakathi [ kwaye ] , iiklasi zamacandelo zingachazwa ngokusebenzisa i-syntax [: iklasi :] , apho iklasi yenye yeeklasi ezilandelayo zichazwe kumgangatho wePOSIX.2:

i-alnum i-alpha njengecii i-cntrl idijithi yefayili yesigcawu esicatshulwa esingaphantsi kwegama eliphezulu igama xdigit
Iklasi lomlinganiso lifanisa nawuphi na umlingisi oleso klasi. Igama lomlingiswa weklasi lifanisa ileta, amadijithi, kunye nomlingisi _.

Ngaphakathi [ kunye ] , inqanaba elilinganayo lingacaciswa ngokusebenzisa i-syntax [= c =] , efana nabo bonke abalinganiswa abanexabiso elifanayo (njengokuba kuchaziwe yendawo yangoku) njengokuba umlingiswa c .

Ngaphakathi [ kunye ] , i syntax [. isimboli .] ifanisa uphawu lokutshintshana .

Ukuba inketho ye- shell ye- extglob inikwe amandla usebenzisa i- built - in ekhutshweyo, i- operators elandelelanayo yokulandelelanisa i- pattern-operators iyabonwa. Kule nkcazo elandelayo, uludwe lwephethini luhlu lwesinye okanye iipateni ezininzi ezahlukileyo . Iipateni ezidibeneyo zingenziwa ngokusebenzisa enye okanye ngaphezulu kweepatheni ezilandelayo:

? ( uluhlu lwamaphetheni )

Ukutshatisa i-zero okanye enye into eyenziwa ngamaphetheni anikwe

* ( uluhlu lwamaphetheni )

Ukutshatshana zero okanye ukuvela kwamanye amaphetheni anikwe

+ ( uludwe lwephethini )

Ukulinganisa enye okanye ngaphezulu kweziganeko zinikezelwa

@ ( uludwe lwephethini )

Ufanisa enye yeepateni ezinikeziweyo

(i- pattern-list )

Ukulingana nayiphi na enye ngaphandle kweepaneli ezinikeziwe

Ukukhutshwa kweCote

Emva kokudlulela kwangaphambili, zonke iziganeko ezingaguqukiyo zebalinganiswa \ , ' , kunye ' ezingakhange zibangelwe kwizinto ezikhankanywe apha ngasentla zisuswe.

UKUHLELA

Ngaphambi kokuba umyalelo uphunyezwe, igalelo layo kunye nesiphumo sinokuqondiswa ngokusetyenziswa kwesaziso esikhethekileyo esichazwa ngegobolondo. Ukubuyiswa kwakhona kunokusetyenziswa kwakhona ukuvula nokuvala iifayile kwiimeko ezikhoyo zokubamba igobolondo. Abaqhubi bee-redirection abalandelayo bangaphambi okanye babonakale naphi na ngaphakathi komyalelo olula okanye bangalandela umyalelo . Ukubuyiselwa kulandelwa ngendlela ebonakalayo, ukusuka kwesobunxele kuya kwesokudla.

Kule nkcazo elandelayo, ukuba inombolo yeenkcukacha zefayile iyashiywe, kwaye umlingisi wokuqala we-redirection operator < , ukulungiswa kwakhona kubhekisela kwi-input standard (i-descriptor ifayile 0). Ukuba umlingisi wokuqala we-redirection operator >> , ukulungiswa kwakhona kubhekisela kwimveliso eqhelekileyo (i-descriptor yefayile 1).

Igama elilandela umqhubi we-redirection kule nkcazelo elandelayo, ngaphandle kokuba kuboniswe ngenye indlela, ixhomekeke ekunyuseni ukwandiswa, ukunyusa ukwandiswa, ukunyuswa kweparitha, ukutshintshwa komyalelo, ukunwetshwa kwe-arithmetic, ukukhutshwa kweengcaphuno, indlela yokwandiswa kunye nokwahlukana kwegama. Ukuba ikhula kwilizwi elingaphezulu kwelilodwa, bhinqa ingxelo ngephutha.

Qaphela ukuba umyalelo wokulungiswa kubalulekile. Umzekelo, umyalelo

ls > dirlist 2 > & 1

ilawula umgangatho osemgangathweni kunye nempazamo emiselweyo kwifayile ye- dirlist , ngelixa umyalelo

ls 2 > & 1 > dirlist

ulawula kuphela umgangatho osemgangathweni wokufaka ifayile ye- dirlist , kuba iphutha eliqhelekileyo liphindwe ngokuphindwe njengomgangatho oqhelekileyo phambi kokuba umgangatho oqhelekileyo uphinde uqondiswe kwi- dirlist .

I-Bash ilawula amafayile amaninzi ngokukhethekileyo xa isetyenziswe kwizilungiso, njengoko kuchaziwe kwitafile elandelayo:

/ dev / fd / fd

Ukuba i- fd iyinani elivumelekileyo, i-file descriptor fd icatshulwa.

/ dev / stdin

Ifayile yeenkcukacha 0 iphindwe kabini.

/ dev / stdout

Ifayile yeenkcukacha 1 ichazwe.

/ dev / stderr

Ifayile yeenkcukacha 2 ichazwe.

/ dev / tcp / host / port

Ukuba ummkeli ungumnini wegama lomninimzi okanye idilesi ye-intanethi, kwaye i- port iyinombolo ye-intanethi yenani elipheleleyo okanye igama lenkonzo, ibhitshi izama ukuvula uxhumano lwe-TCP kwisixokelelwano esifanayo.

/ dev / udp / host / port

Ukuba ummkeli ungumnini wegama lomninimzi okanye idilesi ye-intanethi, kwaye i- port iyinombolo ye-intanethi yenani elipheleleyo okanye igama lenkonzo, ibhinti izama ukuvula uxhulumaniso lwe-UDP kwisiseko esifanayo.

Ukungaphumeleli ukuvula okanye ukudala iifayile kubangela ukuba uhlaziyo luyeke.

UkuLungisa kwakhona

Ukubuyiselwa kwegalelo kubangela ukuba ifayile enegama elivela kwandiso lwegama liza kuvulwa ukuze lifundwe kwi-descriptor yefayile n , okanye i-input standard (i-descriptor 0) ukuba n ingacacisiwe.

Ifomathi jikelele yokuhambisa igalelo yile:

[ n ] < igama

UkuPhumela okuPhumelayo

Ukubuyiselwa kwemveliso kubangelwa ifayile enegama elivela kulo kwandiswa kwegama ukuba livule ukubhalwa kwi-descriptor yefayile n , okanye umgangatho osemgangathweni (umchazi wefayile 1) ukuba n ayicacisiwe. Ukuba ifayile ayikho idale; ukuba ikhona ixhomekeke kwisayizi yentsimbi.

Ifomathi jikelele yokuthunyelwa kwemveliso yile:

[ n ] > igama

Ukuba umqhubi we- redirection>> , kunye nenketho ye - cloclober kwi- set builtin inikwe amandla, ukulungiswa kwakhona kuya kuphumelela ukuba ifayili egama layo liphumo ekunyuliweyo kwegama likhoyo kunye neefayile eziqhelekileyo. Ukuba umqhubi we-redirection>> , okanye umqhubi we-redirection > kunye nenketho yeeyclobber kumyalelo owakhelweyo awuyi kunikwa amandla, ukulungiswa kwakhona kuyazama nokuba ngaba ifayile ebizwa ngegama ikhona.

Ukufaka I-Output Outirected Output

Ukubuyiselwa kwemveliso kwile fayile kubangela ukuba ifayile enegama elivela kuyo kwandiswa kwegama eliya kuvulelwa ukuba lifake kwi-descriptor yefayile n , okanye i-output standard (i-descriptor 1 yefayili) ukuba n ingacacisiwe. Ukuba ifayile ayikhoyo yenziwa.

Ifomathi jikelele yokukhutshwa kwemveliso yile:

[ n ] >> igama

UkuPhakamisa ukuPhumela kweMigangatho kunye neSiphelo esiMgangatho

I-Bash ivumela zombini umgangatho osemgangathweni (ifayile ye-descriptor 1) kunye nempembelelo epheleleyo yomgangatho (ifayile yesichazi 2) ukuba iqondiswe kwifayili egama layo likwandiswa kwegama nalolu lwakhiwo.

Kukho amafomathi amabini okuhambisa umgangatho oqhelekileyo kunye nephutha eliqhelekileyo:

&> igama

kwaye

> negama

Kwimilo mibini, owokuqala ukhethwa. Oku kufana noko

> igama 2 > & 1

Apha Amaphepha

Olu hlobo lokuhlaziya luyalela igobolondo ukuba ifunde igalelo ukusuka kumthombo wamanje kuze kubekho umgca ophethe igama elilodwa kuphela (kungabikho iibhola ezilandelelanayo) kubonakala. Yonke imigca efundwayo kuze kube yile nqanaba isetyenziselwa njengengcaciso epheleleyo yomyalelo.

Ifom ye-apha-maxwebhu yile:

<< [ - ] igama apha-document delimiter

Akukho ukwandiswa kweparameter, ukufakwa endaweni yomyalelo, ukunwetshwa kwe-arithmetic, okanye ukwandiswa kwegama lomsebenzi kwenziwa ngelizwi . Ukuba kukho nawuphi na amagama abhalwe ngegama , i- delimiter yiphumo lokukhutshwa kweengcaphuno ngelizwi , kwaye imigca ekhoyo apha ayikhutshwanga. Ukuba igama lingagqitywanga, yonke imigca ye-apha-document ixhomekeke kwandisa ukwandiswa kwepaket, ukufakwa endaweni, kunye nokwandiswa kwe-arithmetic. Kwimeko yokokugqibela, ulandelelwano lomlingano \ olunyanzelwanga , kwaye \ kufuneka lisetyenziswe ukucaphula abalinganiswa \ , $ , kunye ` .

Ukuba umqhubi we-redirection u -<< - , zonke iibalathisi zetekisi ezikhokelayo zihlanjwe ukusuka kumigca yokufaka kunye nomgca oqulethe i- delimiter . Oku kuvumela apha-amaxwebhu ngaphakathi kweempendulo zeeklokhthi ukuba zenziwe ngendlela ebonakalayo.

Nazi iziqhamo

Uhlobo oluthile lwamaphepha apha, ifomathi yile:

<<< igama

Igama liyakwandiswa kwaye linikezelwe kumyalelo kwi-input standard.

Ukuphindaphinda Iifayile Zobhala

Umqhubi we-redirection

[ n ] < negama

isetyenziselwa ukuphinda iifayile zefayile ezifakwayo. Ukuba igama liye landa kwidijithi enye okanye ngaphezulu, i-descriptor yefayile echazwe ngu- n yenziwe ikopi yaloo fayile yenkcazelo. Ukuba iidijithi ngelizwi azicacisi i-descriptor yefayile evulelwe ukufakelwa, kukho iphutha lokubuyisela. Ukuba igama livavanya kwi--, i-descriptor yefayile n ivaliwe. Ukuba i ayichaziwe, i-input standard (i-descriptor 0) isetyenzisiweyo.

Umsebenzisi

[ n ] > negama

isetyenziswe ngokufanayo ukuphinda iifayile ezichaziweyo zeefayile. Ukuba n ayichaziwe, umgangatho osezantsi (i-descriptor 1 yefayile) isetyenzisiweyo. Ukuba amadijithi ngelizwi aluchazi i-descriptor yefayile evulelwe umkhiqizo, kukho iphutha lokubuyisela. Njengolona khetho, ukuba i- n ayishiywe, kwaye igama alikhulanga kwidijithi enye okanye ngaphezulu, imveliso epheleleyo kunye nephutha eliqhelekileyo liqondiswa njengoko kuchazwe ngaphambili.

Iifayile eziDlulayo zeFayile

Umqhubi we-redirection

[ n ] <& idijithi -

ihambisa ifayile yenkcazelo yefayile kwifayile ye-descriptor n , okanye i-input standard (ifayile ye-descriptor 0) ukuba n ingacacisiwe. idijithi ivaliwe emva kokuphindwa kabini ku- n .

Ngokufanayo, umqhubi we-redirection

[ n ] > kunye nenombolo -

ihambisa ifayile yokuchaza ifayili ukuba ifayile i-descriptor n , okanye i-output standard (i-descriptor 1 yefayili) ukuba n ingacacisiwe.

Ukuvula iiFayile zeZiko lokuFunda nokuBhala

Umqhubi we-redirection

[ n ] <> igama

ibangela ifayile egama layo ukwandiswa kwegama ukuvulelwa kokubili ukufunda nokubhala kwi-descriptor yefayile n , okanye kwi-descriptor yefayile 0 ukuba n ayichaziwe. Ukuba ifayile ayikho, idalwe.

IZINTO

Izibhengezo zivumela umtya ukuba ungene endaweni yegama xa usetyenziswa njengegama lokuqala lomyalelo olula. Igobolondo igcina uluhlu lweendawo zokungabonakali ezingasetyenziselwa kwaye zingabonakali kunye nee- alias kunye nemiyalelo eyakhelwe (jonga i- SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS engezantsi). Igama lokuqala lomyalelo ngamnye, ukuba ungagqithwanga, uhlolwe ukuba ukhangele ukuba unalo. Ukuba kunjalo, eloo gama litshintshwa yombhalo we-alias. Igama legama kunye nesicatshulwa sokutshintshwa kunokuthi iqule nayiphi na i-shell shell input, kuquka i- metacharacters echazwe ngasentla, ngaphandle kokuba igama le-alias lingenanto = . Igama lokuqala loxwebhu lokubuyisela luvavanywa kwii-aliases, kodwa igama elifana ne-alias elandisiweyo alinakwandiswa okwesibini. Oku kuthetha ukuba umntu angahle ali- ls kwi- ls -F , umzekelo, kunye nebhasti akazami ukuwandisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo itekisi yokubuyisela. Ukuba umgca wokugqibela wexabiso le-alias ayinanto , ke igama elilandelayo lomyalelo emva kwe-alias libuye lihlolwe ukwandiswa kokunye.

Izibhengezo zenziwe kwaye zidweliswe ngomyalelo we- alias , kwaye zisuswe ngomyalelo we- ulias .

Akukho ndlela yokusebenzisa iziphakamiso kwisicatshulwa sokubuyisela. Ukuba kukho iingxoxo, kufuneka i-shell shell isebenze (jonga IMISEBENZI engezantsi).

Izibambiso azange zandiswe xa igobolondo ingabandakanyeki, ngaphandle kokuba ukhetho lwe - shell_aliase shell shell lubekwe ngokusetyenziswa ngokukhawuleza (jonga inkcazo echaziweyo phantsi kweSELLELL BUILTIN COMMANDS ngezantsi).

Imithetho ephathelele inkcazo kunye nokusetyenziswa kweendawo zokungena zidibanisa. I-Bash isoloko ifunda ubuncinane omnye umgca wegalelo ngaphambi kokusebenzisa nayiphi na imiyalelo kuloo mgca. Izigulane ziyakwandiswa xa umyalelo ufundwa, kungekhona xa kuqhutywa. Ngako oko, inkcazo ye-alias ebonakala kumgca ofanayo njengoko omnye umyalelo ungasebenzi kuze kubekwe umgca olandelayo wegalelo. Imiyalelo elandela inkcazo ye-alias kuloo mgca ayichaphazelwanga ngamanqaku amasha. Le migaqo yinkxalabo xa imisebenzi isebenza. Izibhengezo ziyakwandiswa xa kuchazwa inkcazelo yomsebenzi, kungekhona xa umsebenzi uqhutyelwa, kuba inkcazelo yomsebenzi ngokwawo iwumyalelo oyimveliso. Ngenxa yoko, izilungelo ezichazwe kumsebenzi azifumaneki kude kube emva kokuba lo msebenzi uqhutywe. Ukukhuseleka, gcina ubeka iinguqu ezicacileyo kumgca ohlukile, kwaye ungasebenzisi i- alias kwimimiselo yenkomfa.

Phantse zonke iinjongo, iziqhelo zithatyathwa yimisebenzi yengxowa.

IMISEBENZI

Umsebenzi wegobolondo, uchazwe njengoko uchazwe ngasentla ngaphantsi kwe- SHELL GRAMMAR , ugcina uchungechunge lwemiyalelo yomsebenzi wokugqibela. Xa igama le-shell shell isetyenziswa njengegama elilula lomyalelo, uluhlu lwemithetho ehambelana naloo msebenzi lomsebenzi lwenziwa. Imisebenzi iqhutyelwa kumxholo wegobolondo yangoku; akukho ntsha inqubo eyenziwe ukuyichaza (ukuchasisa oku kunye nokwenziwa kweskripthi se-shell). Xa umsebenzi uqhutywe, iingxoxo kumsebenzi ziba yimimiselo yeemeko ngexesha lokusetyenziswa kwalo. Iparameter ekhethekileyo # ihlaziywa ukubonisa utshintsho. Ipharamitha yenkalo 0 ayitshintshi. Utshintsho lweFUNCNAME lubekwe kwigama lomsebenzi ngelixa umsebenzi usebenza. Zonke ezinye iinkalo zendawo yokuloba kwelobolongo zifana phakathi komsebenzi kunye nomfaki-fowuni ngaphandle kokuba umgibe we- DEBUG (jonga inkcazo yomgibe owakhiwe phantsi kwe- SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS apha ngezantsi) ayizuze ilifa ngaphandle kokuba umsebenzi unikwe uphawu lokulandelela ( jonga inkcazo yenkcazo eyakhiwe ngezansi).

Utshintsho lwendawo kwingingqi lungabhengezwa kunye nomyalelo wendawo owakhiwe. Ngokuqhelekileyo, iinguqu kunye neempawu zazo zabelwana phakathi komsebenzi kunye nomfowuni wakhe.

Ukuba umyalelo wokubuyisela owenziweyo uqhutyelwa kumsebenzi, umsebenzi uzalisekisa kwaye usebenze uqala kwakhona ngomyalelo olandelayo emva komnxeba womsebenzi. Xa umsebenzi ugqityiwe, ixabiso leemimiselo zeemeko kunye neparameter ekhethekileyo zibuyiselwe kwiimilinganiselo zabo ngaphambi kokuba kwenziwe umsebenzi.

Amagama omsebenzi kunye neenkcazo zingabhaniswa kunye -nokukhetha ukuvakalisa okanye ukufaka iifayile ezakhelwe. Inketho ye-- F yokuvakalisa okanye yokufaka ifayile iya kubhala amagama amagama kuphela. Imisebenzi ingathunyelwa ngaphandle ukuze i-subshells ikwazi ukuzenzekela ngokuzenzekelayo nge-- f option kwi- exported builtin.

Imisebenzi ingaba yinto ephindaphindiweyo. Akukho mda owenziwe kwinani leefowuni eziphindaphindiweyo.

UKUVANISWA KWE-ARITHMETIC

Igobolondo ivumela amazwi e-arithmetic ukuba ahlolwe, phantsi kweemeko ezithile (jonga umyalelo wokwakha kunye ne- Arithmetic Expansion ). Ukuvavanywa kwenziwa kwi-integers ebanzi ngokukhawuleza kungakhangeli ukutshatyalaliswa, nangona ukwahlukana nge-0 kulandelelwe kwaye kuphawulwe njengephutha. Abaqhubi kunye nokuqala kwabo kunye nobudlelwane nabo bafana nolimi lweC. Uludwe olulandelayo lwabaqhubi luqokelelwe kumanqanaba abaqhubi abalinganayo. Amanqanaba adweliswe ngenjongo yokunciphisa ukuqala.

id ++ id -

ukunyusa emva kokutshintshwa kunye nentlawulo-post

++ id id

ukunyuka kwangaphambili kwintlobo kunye nokuhlelwa kwangaphambili

- +

unary minus kunye kunye

! ~

ukunyanzeliswa ngokucacileyo nokungenangqondo

**

ukucacisa

* /%

ukuphindaphinda, ukwahlula, isisele

+ -

Ukongezelela, ukususa

<< >>

ekhohlo kunye nesekunene

<=> = <>

the lekisa

==! =

ukulingana nokungalingani

&

KUNYE

^

ngokukodwa OR

|

NYE okanye

&&

NENQUBO

||

engqiqo OKANYE

expr ? expr : expr

vavanyo

= = = / =% = + = - = << = >> = & = ^ = = =

isabelo

expr1 , expr2

i-comma

Ukuguquguquka kweShell kuvunyelwe njengemisebenzi; Ukwandiswa kweparameter kwenziwa phambi kokuba inqaku lihlolwe. Ngamazwi, iingubo zeekhanda zingaphinde zichazwe ngamagama ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-syntax ye-parameter yokwandisa. Ixabiso loguquguquko livavanywa njengendlela yokubonisa i-arithmetic xa ibonisiwe. Iintlobo zeengqungquthela akufuneki ukuba i-attribute yayo iguqulelwe ukuba isetyenziswe kwintetho.

Amanqabana ane-0 ekhokelayo ahunyushwa njengama-octal. Inkokheli eyi-0x okanye i-0X ichaza i-hexadecimal. Ngaphandle koko, amanani athabatha ifom [ isiseko # ] n, apho isiseko yimbodi yokugqibela phakathi kwe-2 no-64 emele isiseko se-arithmetic, kwaye n inombalo kwisiseko eso. Ukuba isiseko # sikhiyiwe, ngoko kusetyenziswa isiseko 10. Amadijithi angaphezu kwe-9 amelwa ngamagama angaphantsi, iileta ezinobumba, @, kunye _, ngaloo ndlela. Ukuba isiseko singaphantsi okanye silingana no-36, iileta ezincinci kunye neefowus letters zingasetyenziselwa ngokungafaniyo ukumela amanani phakathi kwe-10 no-35.

Abaqhubi bavavanywa ngokulandelelana. Iintetho-ntetho eziphantsi kwabazali zihlolwe kuqala kwaye zinokuthi zigqithise imigaqo engaphambili.

UKUPHATHWA KWEMIBUZO

Amagama acetywayo asetyenziswa ngu [[ umyalelo wekomidi kunye novavanyo kunye [ nemiyalelo eyakhelweyo yokuvavanya iimpawu zefayile kunye nokwenza intambo kunye nokuthelekiswa kwezibalo. Iimbonakaliso zenziwe ezi zinto zilandelayo zizinyunyana okanye ezibini. Ukuba nayiphi na ingxoxo yefayile kwenye yezinto eziyimpumelelo yile fomu / dev / fd / n , kwaye iifayile ezichazayo n ihlolwe. Ukuba impikiswano yefayili kwenye yezinto eziyimpumelelo enye ye / dev / stdin , / dev / stdout , okanye / dev / stderr , i-descriptor yefayile 0, 1, okanye 2, ngokulandelanayo, ihlolwe.

-fayile

Inyaniso ukuba ifayile ikhona.

-b fayile

Enyanisweni ukuba ifayile ikhona kwaye iyifayile ekhethekileyo yebhloko.

-c fayile

Enyanisweni ukuba ifayile ikhoyo kwaye impawu ezikhethekileyo zefayile.

-ifayile

Enyanisweni ukuba ifayile ikhoyo kwaye yincwadi.

-fayile

Inyaniso ukuba ifayile ikhona.

-f fayile

Enyanisweni ukuba ifayile ikhoyo kwaye iifayile eziqhelekileyo.

-g fayile

Enyanisweni ukuba ifayile ikhoyo kwaye i-id-id-group id.

-h fayile

Enyanisweni ukuba ifayile ikhona kwaye isiqhagamshelo sophawu.

-k ifayili

Enyanisweni ukuba ifayile ikhona kwaye ibha yayo `` sticky '' ibhalwa.

-p ifayili

Enyanisweni ukuba ifayile ikhoyo kwaye ibhobho ebizwa ngokuba nguFIFO.

-f file

Inyaniso ukuba ifayile ikhona kwaye iyafundwa.

-ifayile

Enyanisweni ukuba ifayile ikhona kwaye inobungakanani obukhulu kunezinga.

- fd

Enyanisweyo ukuba ifayile ye-descriptor fd ivulekile kwaye ibhekisela kwisigxina.

-ifayile

Enyanisweni ukuba ifayile ikhona kunye ne-set-user-id id idethi isetyenziswe.

-w fayile

Inyaniso ukuba ifayile ikhoyo kwaye ibhaliwe.

-x ifayile

Enyanisweni ukuba ifayile ikhoyo kwaye iyenzeka.

-O ifayili

Enyanisweni ukuba ifayile ikhoyo kwaye ilawulwa ngumsebenzisi osebenzayo.

-G fayile

Enyanisweni ukuba ifayile ikhona kwaye ilawulwa yi-id efanelekileyo yeqela.

-L fayile

Enyanisweni ukuba ifayile ikhona kwaye isiqhagamshelo sophawu.

-S ifayili

Enyanisweni ukuba ifayile ikhona kwaye isiseko.

-N fayile

Enyanisweni ukuba ifayile ikhona kwaye iguquliwe ukususela ekugqibeleni ifundwa.

ifayile 1 - nt file2

Inyaniso ukuba ifayile1 intsha (ngokutsho komhla wokuguqulwa) kunefayile2 , okanye ukuba ifayile1 ikhona kwaye ifayile2 ayikho.

ifayile1 - fayile yefayile2

Enyanisweni ukuba ifayile1 ikhulile kunefayile2 , okanye ukuba ifayile2 ikhona kwaye ifayile1 ayikho.

ifayile1 -ef file2

Inyaniso ukuba ifayile1 kunye nefayile2 ibhekisela kwisixhobo esifanayo kunye neenombolo ezingenayo.

-o ifayile

Enyanisweni ukuba ukhetho lwekhethri optname luvunyelwe . Jonga uluhlu lweenketho phantsi kwengcaciso ye--o inketho kwi- set setin below.

-n umtya

Enyanisweni ukuba ubude bomtya bunzima.

-nomtya

umtya

Inyaniso ukuba ubude bomtya awuyiyo.

umtya1 == umtya2

Inyaniso ukuba imilingo ilingana. = ingasetyenziselwa endaweni ye == yokuthotyelwa kwePOSIX.

umtya1 ! = umtya2

Enyanisweni ukuba iintambo azilingani.

Umtya1 < umtya2

Enyanisweni ukuba umtya 1 uhamba phambi koqhagamshelwano2 ngecacisi kwindawo yangoku.

Umtya1 > umtya2

Enyanisweni ukuba umtya 1 ulandelelana emva komtya 2 ngegama elixeliweyo kwindawo yangoku.

arg1 OP arg2

I-OP enye ye-- eq , -ne , -lt , -le , -gt , okanye -ge . Laba baqhubi bebhanam e- arithmetic babuyisela inyaniso xa i- arg1 ilingana, ingalingani, ngaphantsi, ngaphantsi okanye elinganayo, ngaphezulu, okanye ngaphezulu okanye elingana ne- arg2 , ngokulandelanayo. I-Arg1 kunye ne- arg2 ingaba nenani elilungileyo okanye elibi.

UMTHETHO WOKUPHATHWA KWEZIMPILO

Xa umyalelo olula ukwenziwa, igobolondo yenza oku kulandelwayo, izabelo kunye nokulungiswa, ukusuka kwesobunxele kuya kwesokudla.

1.Amazwi anikwe umenzi wecala njengemisebenzi eguquguqukayo (ezo zilandele igama lomyalelo) kunye nezilungiso zigcinwa ukucwangciswa kamva.

2.Amazwi angenayo iindibano ezahlukileyo okanye izilungiso zanda. Ukuba kukho na amagama ahlala emva kokunyuselwa, igama lokuqala lithathwa ngokuba ligama lomyalelo kwaye amagama aseleyo aphikisana.

3.Izilungiso zenziwa njengoko kuchaziwe ngasentla phantsi kwe- REDIRECTION .

4. Umbhalo emva kokuba = kwintsebenzo nganye eguquguqukayo iqhubela phambili ukwandiswa, ukwandiswa kweparameter, ukufakwa endaweni yomyalelo, ukwandiswa kwe-arithmetic, kunye nokukhutshwa kokucaphuna phambi kokunikezelwa kwintlobo.

Ukuba akukho ziphumo zegama lomyalelo, izabelo ezichaseneyo zithintela i-shell shell yangoku. Ngaphandle koko, iinguqu zongezelelweyo zongezwa kummandla womyalelo owenziwe kwaye awuchukumise i-shell shell yangoku. Ukuba nayiphi na izabelo zizama ukunika ixabiso kwi-variable ye readonly, kukho iphutha, kwaye umyalelo uphuma ngesimo esingenalo.

Ukuba akukho miphumo yegama lomyalelo, izilungiso zenziwa, kodwa ayichaphazeli indawo ekhoyo yengqungquthela. Iphutha le-redirection lenza ukuba umyalelo uphume nge-non-zero.

Ukuba kukho igama lomyalelo elisele emva kokunyuselwa, intsebenzo yokusebenza njengoko ichazwe ngezantsi. Ngaphandle koko, umyalelo uphuma. Ukuba enye yezinto ezihambayo ziqulethe indawo yokumisela, indawo yokuphuma yomyalelo yimo yokuphuma yendawo yokugqibela yokufaka endaweni. Ukuba kwakungekho ndawo yokumisela indawo, umyalelo uphuma ngezinga le-zero.

UKUPHATHWA KWEMITHETHO

Emva kokuba umyalelo uhlukaniswe ngamazwi, ukuba ngaba kukho umyalelo olula kunye nohlu olukhethiweyo lweengxabano, ezi zenzo zilandelayo zithathwa.

Ukuba igama lomyalelo liqulethe idilesi, igobolondo izama ukuyifumana. Ukuba kukho umsebenzi wegolke ngelo gama, loo msebenzi uchongwa njengoko kuchazwe ngasentla kwiIMISEBENZI . Ukuba igama alihambisani nomsebenzi, igobolondo iyifaka kwiluhlu lwamaqoqo egobolithi. Ukuba umdlalo ufunyenwe, loo makhelo uyakwenziwa.

Ukuba igama aliyilo igobolondo yomsebenzi okanye i-builtin, kwaye iqulethe, i- bash isesha nganye into ye- PATH yerejista equkethe ifayile ephumelelayo egama layo. I-Bash isebenzisa itafile yeheyhi ukukhumbula iindlela ezipheleleyo zeefayili ezifezekileyo (jonga i- hash phantsi kwe- SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS ngezantsi). Ukukhangela ngokupheleleyo kweenkcukacha kwi- PATH kwenziwa kuphela xa umyalelo ungatholakali kwitafile yehagi. Ukuba ukukhangela akuphumelelanga, igobolondo iprinta umyalezo wephutha kwaye ibuyisela imeko ye-127.

Ukuba ukukhangela kuyaphumelela, okanye ukuba igama lomyalelo liqule enye okanye ngaphezulu, igobolondo iqhuba inkqubo ekhankanywe kuyo kwindawo ehlukile yokusebenza. I-Argument 0 isethelwe kwigama elinikeziwe, kwaye iingxoxo eziseleyo kumyalelo zibekwe kwiingxabano ezinikeziwe, ukuba zikhona.

Ukuba lo msebenzi awuphumelelanga ngenxa yokuba ifayile ayikho ifomathi esebenzayo, kwaye ifayili ayilona ulawulo, kucingwa ukuba yincwadi yesigoboliso , ifayile eneemigca yegobolondo. I-subshell izaliswe ukuyiqhuba. Le ngqungquthela ibuyisela kwakhona kwakhona, ukwenzela ukuba isiphumo sinjengekokhanda elitsha liye lafakwa ukuba lisebenzise le script, ngaphandle kokuba iindawo zomyalelo zikhunjulwe ngumzali (jonga umzansi ngaphantsi kwe- SHELL BUILTIN COMMANDS ) zigcinwa ngumntwana.

Ukuba inkqubo iyifayile eqala nge #! , intsalela yomgca wokuqala ichaza isichazili kwinkqubo. Igobolondo yenza iinguqulelo ezicacileyo kwiinkqubo zokusebenza ezingayisebenzisi le fomathi efanelekileyo. Iingxoxo kumtokiki ziqulethwe yinto ekhethiweyo yodwa emva kwegama lomtoliki kumgca wokuqala wenkqubo, landelwa ligama lenkqubo, elandelwa yimibango yomyalelo, ukuba ikhona.

UKUQALA UKUQHUBEKA KWENKQUBO

Igobolondo ineemeko zokusebenza , eziqulethwe ezi zilandelayo:

* iifayile ezivulekileyo ezizuzwe njengegobolondo xa zicelwa, njengoko ziguqulwe ngokulungiswa kwezibonelelo ezinikezelweyo

* ulawulo olukhoyo lwangoku njengoko lubekwe ngu- cd , pushd , okanye popd , okanye uzuze ilifa legobolondo xa ucela

* ifomati yefayile yokudala ifayile njengoko kusekwe ngumask okanye ifa elivela kumzali wegobolondo

* Iimigibe zangoku zibekwe ngumgibe

Iimpawu zengqungquthela ezisetyenziselwa isabelo esicatshulwayo okanye ngokusetyenzwa okanye esizuzwe kumzali wegobolondo kwimeko

Imisebenzi yengqungquthela echazwe ngexesha lokusetyenziswa okanye ilifa elivela kumzali wegobolondo kwimeko

* ukhetho olunikwe amandla ekunconyeni (mhlawumbi ngokungagqibekanga okanye ngeengxoxo zomgca-myalelo) okanye ngokusetyenzwa

* iindlela ezikhethiweyo ezenziwe ngokukhawuleza

* iibhola ezikhethiweyo ezichazwe ngamanani

ii-ID zeenkqubo ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa nemisebenzi yemvelaphi, ixabiso le $$ , kunye nexabiso le -PPID

Xa umyalelo ongeyena ngaphandle komsebenzi owenziwe okanye wegobolondo uza kufezwa, uyabandakanywa kwindawo yendawo yokusebenza eyahlukeneyo equle ilandelayo. Ngaphandle kokuba kuboniswe ngenye indlela, ixabiso lizuzwe kwi-shell.

* iifayile ezivulekileyo zeecol shell, kunye naluphi na ukuguqulwa kunye nezongezo ezichazwe ngokulungiswa kumyalelo

* ulawulo olukhoyo lwangoku

* ifomati yefayile yokudala ifayile

* iigoboluba eziguqulelwe ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle, kunye kunye neziguquko ezithunyelwa ngaphandle komyalelo, zidlulileyo kwimeko

Iimigibe ezibanjwe igobolondo zibuye zitshintshwe kwiimpawu ezizuzwa kumzali wegobolondo, kwaye izibonda ezingayityesheli igobolondo ziyayihoywa

Umyalelo ochongiweyo kule mimandla eyahlukileyo ayikwazi ukuphazamisa indawo yokusebenza kwelobolondo.

Umyalelo wokumisela kunye nemithetho engahambelaniyo iyafakwa kwi-subshell imvelo eyi-duplicate yengingqi yegobolondo, ngaphandle kokuba izibatha ezibanjwe igobolondo zibuye zitshintshwe kwiimpawu zegobolondo ezizuze umzuzwana kumzali wazo. Imithetho ye-Builtin efunyenwe njengenxalenye yombhobho iphinda iqhutywe kwi-subshell. Utshintsho olwenziwe kwi-subshell lwendalo alukwazi ukuphazamisa indawo yendawo yokuloba.

Ukuba umyalelo ulandelwa ngu- & kunye nokulawulwa kwemisebenzi ayisebenzisayo, ukufakelwa komgangatho ongagqibekanga womyalelo yifayile engenanto / dev / null . Ngaphandle koko, umyalelo oyimfuneko uzuze iifayile zeenkcukacha zefowuni yefowuni njengoko iguqulwe ngokulungiswa.