I-traceroute - i-Linux Command - Unix Command

i-traceroute - shicilela iipakethi zendlela ukuya kumnatha womnatha

Isiqendu

i-traceroute [ -dFInrvx ] [ -f yokuqala_ttl ] [ -g isango ]

[ -i i ]] [ -m max_ttl] [ -p port ]

[ -q nqueries ] [ -srr_addr ] [ -t tos ]

[ -wxesha lokulinda ] [ -z ikhefu le-secausemsecs ]

umphathi [ packetlen ]

Inkcazo

I-Intanethi yi-aggregated aggregation of hardware yenethiwekhi, ixhunyiwe kunye namasango. Ukulandelela indlela elandelwayo iipakethi (okanye ukufumana isango elingalunganga elilahla iipakethi zakho) kunokuba nzima. I-Traceroute isebenzisa iprotholo ye - IP 'ixesha lokuhlala' kwintsimi kwaye izama ukufaka impendulo ye-ICMP TIME_EXCEEDED kwiphondo ngalinye kwindlela eya komnye umphathi.

Ipharamitha yonyanzeliso kuphela yindawo yokufumana indawo yokuhlala okanye inombolo ye-IP . Ubungakanani bentragram engagqibekanga buyi-40 bytes , kodwa oku kunokwandiswa ngokucacisa ubude bepakethe (kwi-bytes) emva kwegama lokungenisa indawo.

Ezinye iindlela zilandelayo:

-f

Setha ixesha lokuqala lokuphila elisetyenziswa kwipakethi yokuqala yokuphumayo.

-F

Misela "musa ukuhlukana".

-d

Nika amandla ukulungiswa kwinqanaba lokungena.

-g

Cacisa isango lomzila ongasemva (8 ubuninzi).

-i

Cacisa inxibelelwano yenethiwekhi ukuze ufumane idilesi ye-IP yomthombo wamaphakethi aphumayo. Oku kudla kuphela kuluncedo kwiqela elijongene neendawo ezininzi. (Jonga i - flegi enye indlela yokwenza oku.)

-I

Sebenzisa i-ICMP ECHO endaweni ye-datagrams ye-UDP.

-m

Hlela ixesha elide lokuphila (inombolo ephezulu yeehops) esetyenziswe kwiipakethi zeprogram eziphumayo. Okungagqibekanga ngama-hops angama-30 (okungaqhelekanga okusetyenziselwa ukudibanisa kwe-TCP).

-n

Phrinta idilesi ye-hop kwiqela kunokuba ufane ngokomfanekiso kunye nenani (londoloza i-nameserver yegama-lo-lookup kwindlela nganye yesango efunyenweyo endleleni).

-p

Hlela inombolo yesango le-UDP yesiseko esetyenziswe kwiprobes (ngokuzenzakalelayo ngu-33434). I-Traceroute ithemba ukuba akukho nto iphulaphule kwi-UDP i- base base ukusekela + i-nhops-1 kwi-host host (ngoko umyalezo we-ICMP PORT_UNREACHABLE uza kubuyiselwa ukuphelisa indlela yokulandelela). Ukuba kukho ukuphulaphula kwi-port kwibala elingagqibekanga, olu khetho lunokusetyenziswa ukukhetha uluhlu lwesiphatho esingasetyenziswa.

-r

Gqithisa iitafile eziqhelekileyo zokuhamba kunye nokuthumela ngokuthe ngqo kumnatha kwi-intanethi eqhotyoshelweyo. Ukuba ummiselo awukho kwinethiwekhi eqhotyoshelweyo ngqo, kukho impazamo. Le khetho ingasetyenziselwa ukuxhamla umphathi wendawo ngendawo engenazo iindlela (umz., Emva kokuba i-interface ichithwe ngumzila (8C)).

-s

Sebenzisa idilesi ye-IP elandelayo (edlalwa njengenombolo ye-IP, kungekhona igama lomninimzi) njenge-adresi yomthombo kwiipakethi zeprojekti eziphumayo. Kwimikhosi emininzi eneengxaki (abo banekheli elingaphezulu kweyodwa IP), olu khetho lunokusetyenziswa ukunyanzela idilesi yomthombo ukuba yinto enye ngaphandle kwedilesi ye-IP yombonakalo ipakethi yeprojethi ithunyelwa kuyo. Ukuba idilesi ye-IP ayikho enye dilesi yesikhombisi-mveliso, kukho impazamo ibuyiswa kwaye akukho nto ithunyelwe. (Jonga i- faki enye enye indlela yokwenza oku.)

-t

Beka uhlobo lweenkonzo kwiipakethi zeprobhethi kwixabiso elilandelayo (zero default). Ixabiso kufuneka libe li-decimal elipheleleyo kwi-0 ukuya ku-255. Lolu khetho lunokusetyenziswa ukubona ukuba iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zenkonzo zenza iindlela ezahlukeneyo. (Ukuba awusebenzi 4.4bsd, le nto ingaba yimfundo kuba iinkonzo eziqhelekileyo zenethiwekhi ezifana ne-telnet kunye ne-ftp akukuvumeli ukuba ulawulwe i-TOS). Akuzona zonke ixabiso le-TOS ezisemthethweni okanye ezinentsingiselo-jonga i-IP yeenkcazelo. Iimpawu ezisetyenziswayo mhlawumbi ' -t 16 ' (ukulibaziseka okuphantsi) kunye ` -t 8 '(ukuphakama okuphezulu).

-v

Iveliso yeVerbose. Ukufumana iipakethi ze-ICMP ngaphandle kwe-TIME_EXCEEDED kwaye IZIHLOKO ezingabonakaliyo zidweliswe.

-w

Beka ixesha (ngemizuzwana) ukulinda impendulo kwiprobhethi (umgama ongagqibekanga wesi-5.).

-x

Ukuguqula ip checksums. Ngokuqhelekileyo, oku kunqanda i-traceroute ekubaleni ii-check checksums. Kwezinye iimeko, inkqubo yokusebenza ingabhala ngaphezulu kwepakethe ephumayo kodwa ingabi kwakhona kwakhona i-checksum (ngoko ngamanye amaxesha ukusilela ukuba kungabikho iirekisi kunye nokusebenzisa -x kubangele ukuba baqeshwe). Qaphela ukuba ii-checksums zifunwa rhoqo kwi-hop yokugqibela xa usebenzisa i-ICMP ECHO probes ( -I ). Ngoko zihlala zibalwa xa zisebenzisa i-ICMP.

-z

Beka ixesha (kwiimillisecond) ukuyeka phakathi kweprobes (default 0). Ezinye iinkqubo ezifana ne-Solaris kunye nee-routers ezifana nomyinge we-Ciscos umlinganiselo wemilinganiselo ye-icmp. Ixabiso elifanelekileyo lokusetyenziswa kunye nalokhu ngu-500 (umz. 1/2 wesibini).

Le nkqubo izama ukulandelela indlela yokupakisha ipaket ye-IP iya kulandela umphathi we-intanethi ngokusungula ipakethe ye-UDP yokupasa nge-ttl encinci (ixesha lokuhlala) kwaye ukuphulaphulela i-ICMP "ixesha elidlulileyo" impendulo evela kwipango. Siqala iiprogram zethu nge-ttl enye kwaye sinyuke ngomnye size sifike i-ICMP "port engenakwenzekayo" (oko kuthetha ukuba kufuneka "singene") okanye sitshitshise phezulu (ehluke kwii-hops ezingama-30 kwaye ingatshintshwa nge -m iflegi). Iinkqubo ezintathu (tshintsha nge- q flag) zithunyelwa kwi-ttl nganye kwaye umgca uprintwa ubonisa i-ttl, idilesi yesango kunye nexesha lokuhamba elijikelezayo kwiprobhethi nganye. Ukuba iimpendulo zeprobe zivela kwiiendlela ezahlukeneyo, idilesi nganye kwinkqubo yokuphendula iya kunyatheliswa. Ukuba akukho mpendulo kwisithuba se-5 sec. ixesha lokuphumla (utshintshile nge--flegi), i "*" ishicilelwe kule projelo.

Asifuni ukuba umphathi weendawo uqhube iiphakethi zepropati ze-UDP ukuze ichweba lokuya kwindawo ifikelelwe kwixabiso elingenakwenzeka (ukuba i-clod enye kwindawo ekuya kuyo isebenzisa loo xabiso, ingatshintshwa ne -p flag).

Ukusetyenziswa kwesampula kunye nemveliso kunoku:

[yak 71]% i-traceroute nis.nsf.net. I-traceroute kwi-nis.nsf.net (35.1.1.48), iipopu ezingama-30, ipakethe ye-byte engu-38 1 helios.ee.lbl.gov (128.3.112.1) 19 ms ms ms ms 0 ms 2 lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32. 216.1) ms ms 39 ms 19 ms 3 lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.216.1) 39 ms 39 ms 19 ms 4 ccngw-ner-cc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.136.23) 39 ms 40 ms 39 ms 5 ccn -nowif22.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.168.22) 39 ms 39 ms 39 ms 6 128.32.197.4 (128.32.197.4) 40 ms 59 ms 59 ms 7 131.119.2.5 (131.119.2.5) 59 ms 59 ms 59 ms 8 129.140. 70.13 (129.140.70.13) 99 ms 99 ms ms ms ms 9 129.140.71.6 (129.140.71.6) 139 ms 239 ms 319 ms 10 129.140.81.7 (129.140.81.7) 220 ms 199 ms 199 ms 11 nic.merit.edu (35.1 .948) 239 ms 239 ms 239 ms

Qaphela ukuba imigca 2 ne-3 iyafana. Oku kubangelwa kwi-kernel ye-buggy kwi-hop ye-2 ye-hop - lbl-csam.arpa - ehambisa amapakethi kunye ne-zero ttl (i-bug kwi-version echaziweyo ye-4.3BSD). Qaphela ukuba kufuneka uqaphele indlela iipakethi ezithatha ngayo ilizwe eliphambukayo ukususela kwi-NSFNet (129.140) ayinikezeli ii-NSS zayo iinguqu ngegama.

Umzekelo onomdla kukuba:

[yak 72]% traceroute allspice.lcs.mit.edu. i-traceroute kwi-allspice.lcs.mit.edu (18.26.0.115), i-hops 30 max 1 i-helios.ee.lbl.gov (128.3.112.1) 0 ms 0 ms 0 ms 2 lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.216.1) 19 ms ms ms ms 19 ms 3 lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.216.1) 39 ms 19 ms 19 ms 4 ccngw-ner-cc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.136.23) 19 ms 39 ms 39 ms ms ms 5 ccn-nerif22 128 msg ms 39 ms 6 128.32.197.4 (128.32.197.4) 59 ms 119 ms ms ms msk 131.119.2.5 (131.119.2.5) 59 ms 59 ms 39 ms ms msk 129.140.70.13 ( 129.140.70.13) 80 ms 79 ms 99 ms 9 129.140.71.6 (129.140.71.6) 139 ms 139 ms 159 ms 10 129.140.81.7 (129.140.81.7) 199 ms 180 ms 300 ms 11 129.140.72.17 (129.140.72.17) 300 ms 239 ms 239 ms 12 * * * 13 128.121.54.72 (128.121.54.72) 259 ms 499 ms 279 ms 14 * * * 15 * * 16 * * 17 * * 18 ALLSPICE.LCS.MIT.EDU (18.26 .0.115) 339 ms 279 ms 279 ms

Qaphela ukuba izango 12, 14, 15, 16 ne-17 zikhupha ngaphandle okanye zithumele i-ICMP "ixesha elidlula" imiyalezo okanye thumela nge-ttl encinci ukufikelela kuthi. 14 - 17 baqhuba ikhowudi ye-MIT C Gateway engathumeleli "ixesha elidlulileyo". UThixo uyazi kuphela izinto eziqhubekayo kunye no-12.

Isango elincinci 12 ngasentla lingaba ngumphumo we-bug kwi-4. [23] I-khowudi yenethiwekhi ye-BSD (kunye ne-derivatives yayo): 4.x (x <= 3) ithumela umyalezo ongenakwenzekayo usebenzisa nayiphi na i-ttl ehlala kwindawo yokuqala lwedatha. Ekubeni, ngenxa yezango, i-ttl eseleyo i-zero, i-ICMP "ixesha elidlulileyo" liqinisekisiwe ukuba lingabuyiseleli. Ukuziphatha kwesi sigqeba kunomdla ngakumbi xa kubonakala kwindlela yokuya kuyo:

1 helios.ee.lbl.gov (128.3.112.1) 0 ms 0 ms 0 ms 2 lilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.216.1) 39 ms 19 ms ms ms ms 3 ilac-dmc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.216.1 ) 19 ms 39 ms 19 ms 4 ccngw-ner-cc.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.136.23) 39 ms 40 ms 19 ms ms 5 ccn-nerif35.Berkeley.EDU (128.32.168.35) 39 ms 39 ms 39 ms msg 6 csgw. Berkeley.EDU (128.32.133.254) 39 ms 59 ms 39 ms 7 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Nksk ! 39 ms! 39 ms!

Qaphela ukuba kukho "iisango" ezili-12 (13 yiyona ndawo yokugqibela) kwaye kunye nesiqingatha sokugqibela "silahlekile". Yintoni eyenzekayo yileyo yokuvuthwa (i-Sun-3 eqhuba i-Sun OS3.5) isebenzisa i-ttl ukusuka kwi-datagram yethu yokufika njenge-ttl kwimpendulo yayo ye-ICMP. Ngoko, impendulo iya kuphuma kwindlela yokubuya (kungekho saziso ithunyelwe kunoma yimuphi umntu ekubeni i-ICMP ayithunyelwanga kwi-ICMP) de siyihlole nge-ttl okungenani kabini ubude bomzila. Ewe, ukuvuthwa kunene nje i-hops 7. Impendulo ebuyela nge-ttl ye-1 yinkcazo le ngxaki ikhoyo. I-Traceroute ifaka "!" emva kwexesha ukuba i-ttl i-<= 1. Kuba abathengisi bezothumela izinto ezininzi ezingapheliyo (i-DEC ye-Ultrix, i-Sun 3.x) okanye i-software engeyiyo-standard (HPUX), lindele ukujonga le ngxaki rhoqo kunye / okanye ukunyamekela ukukhangela ithagethi umkhosi weeprogram zakho.

Ezinye izichasiselo ezinokwenzeka emva kwexesha ! H ,! N , okanye ! P (ummkeli, umnatha okanye umgaqo-nkqubo ungenakwenzeka),! S (umzila wendlela ophumeleleyo) ,! F- (ukuhlukana kuyafuneka - iRFC1191 Indlela ye-MTU Discovery value iboniswe), ! X (unxibelelwano olulawulwayo ngokulawulwayo) ,! V (bamba ukuphambuka kokuqala) ,! C (ubukhombisi bokuqala busebenza), okanye ! (Ikhowudi ye-ICMP engenakwenzeka). Ezi zichazwa ngu-RFC1812 (ephakamisa i-RFC1716). Ukuba phantse zonke iiprogram kubangela uhlobo oluthile lokungafinyeleleki, i-traceroute iya kunika kwaye iphume.

Le nkqubo ijoliswe ekusebenziseni ukuhlolwa kwenethiwekhi, ukulinganisa, nokulawula. Kufuneka isetyenziswe ngokuyinhloko kwesohlwayo esisodwa. Ngenxa yomthwalo onokumisela kwinethiwekhi, akusiyiyo ukusebenzisa i- traceroute ngexesha lomsebenzi oqhelekileyo okanye kwi-scripts.

Bona kwakho

umzila (8), netstat (1), ping (8)