Kubhalwaphi?
Abemi baseUnited States bafumana inani lamalungelo. La malungelo aguqukile kwaye aphuhliswa ngaphezu kweenkulungwane kwaye sele efakwe kwiirekhodi ezisisigxina ngokwemiqathango yezilungiso kuMgaqo-siseko wase-United States.
Njengoko kumile ngoku, kukho izilungiso ezi-27. Isibini sazo sikhoxana omnye ngaphandle kwesihlomelo sesi-21 esithintela ukulungiswa kwe-18 yokulungiswa kwintengiso, ukuthengiswa okanye ukuthuthwa kotywala.
Uninzi lwabemi baseUnited States mhlawumbi alukwazi oko kubhaliweyo kwezi zihlomelo. Basenokuba beyikhumbula ngexesha elide ukwenzela ukuba badlulise urhulumente wesikolo esiphakamileyo okanye iklasi yoluntu, kodwa loo datha isele ihlanjululwe ukuba yenze indawo yokubaluleka kwezinto. Abaninzi baseMerika mhlawumbi bayazi ukuba kwakungekho mthethweni kwiRhulumente waseUnited States ukuqokelela irhafu yerhafu ize idlulise ukulungiswa kwe-16 okanye ukuba umntu abe nguMongameli ngonaphakade kuze kube yimiqathango emibini yexesha elimiselwe ukulungiswa kwe-20.
Ukungabi ngamatye, mna andinakukuxelela ukuba zininzi zazo. Uninzi lwabantu luyazi ukuba "kuthatha isihlanu" esichaza ukusetyenziswa kwesilungiso sesi-5 ngokufanelekileyo ukuba 'singanyanzelwanga kunoma yiphina inkundla yobugebengu ukuba ingqina ngaye.' Izilungiso ezifana nelungelo lokuqala lokulungiswa elichaza ngokucacileyo ukwahlula kwecawa kunye nelizwe, ukulungiswa kwe-2 okufanelekileyo ukuphatha izixhobo, okanye ukulungiswa kwe-4 ukukhusela ekukhangekeni okungekho mthethweni nokuthathwa kwepropati yakho yinto yolwazi oluqhelekileyo kwaye ikhankanywe rhoqo kumajelo ukuxhasa izizathu ezahlukahlukeneyo.
Emva kokufunda izilungiso kwiwebhusayithi ye-Findlaw.com nangona kunjalo, andinakufumana naluphi na utshintsho olukhusela ngokucacileyo ilungelo lommi wase-United States lobumfihlo. Isihlomelo sesi-14 sisoloko sifakwe njengoluhlomelo olukhusela oko u-Justice Louis Brandeis abiza ngokuthi "ilungelo lokushiywa yedwa", kodwa ekulifundeni, kubonakala ukuba inani elifanelekileyo lokutolika kufuneka livunyelwe ukuze lifike kwisigqibo ukuba ngokusemthethweni ukhusela ubumfihlo. Izilungiso ze-1, ze-4 ne-5 nazo zibhekiselwe ngezinye iinkcazo kwiingxoxo zelungelo lokuzimela.
Ngokuqinisekileyo, isilungiso se-10 ngokugunyazwa ngokucacileyo igunya kumntu ngamnye ngamagunya angabonwanga kwi-United States Congress okanye avunyelwe ngokucacileyo kuMgaqo-siseko wase-United States. Ngoko, kunokuba kubekho amalungiselelo okukhusela ubumfihlo kwimimiselo yombuso okanye kwimimiselo karhulumente. Kukho nemimiselo yemimiselo nemimiselo kumgangatho omabini nakwimimandla aseburhulumenteni asekelwe ubuncinci kwinqanaba elithile lokuzimela.
Ngelishwa, ubumfihlo, kunye nokukhuselwa kolwazi olubucayi okanye noluntu, lubonakala lugqithiselwa ngokomthetho kwi-industry basis. Umthetho Wobumfihlo ka-1974 uvimbela ukuchazwa okungagunyazisiweyo kolwazi oluququzelelwe nguRhulumente wephondo. I-Fair Credit Reporting Act ikhusela ulwazi oluhlanganiswe yi-arhente yokubika ngetyala. Umthetho wokuKhuselwa koBucala be-Intanethi unikela abazali igunya malunga nokuba yintoni ulwazi malunga nabantwana babo (abaneminyaka engama-13 nangaphantsi) onokuqokelelwa ngamawebhsayithi.
Njengoko kuhambelana nokufumana amanethiwekhi omnatha okanye idatha, uMthetho we-Sarbanes-Oxley, i-HIPAA kunye ne-GLBA zonke ziqulethe ubuncinane isiqinisekiso somntu ngamnye ukuba angabi nolwazi oluyimfihlo okanye oluyimfihlo. Le migaqo igunyazisa ukuba iinkampani zithathe amanyathelo ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinkcukacha zabo zabaxhasi zikhuselekile kwaye zibeka iintlawulo kunye nezohlwayo kwiinkampani ezihluleka ukwenza njalo.
I-SB-1386 yaseCalifornia ibeka uxanduva kwiinkampani ezisebenza kwimeko leyo ukuba zazise abathengi xa idatha yabo ibonakalisiwe okanye iyancishiswa nangayiphi indlela. Ukuba kwakungengowomthetho waseCalifornia, ukunyaniseka kwangoko kuChoicePoint akunakutshatyalaliswa.
Njengoko iteknoloji iya kuhamba kwaye izinto ezintsha zenza izinto ezintsha zenze ukuba ubomi bube lula, busebenze ngakumbi okanye bube lula, ezi nzuzo zihlala zihamba kunye ne-trade-off yabucala.
Xa ndibiza ukuba ngilungise i-pizza ndicelwa ukuba ndifake inombolo yocingo yam. Ndiyakwenqaba ukwabelana naloo ngcaciso ukuba ndivakalelwa kukuba ayikho yezo shishini kwaye ndifuna ukukhusela loo nkcazelo. Kodwa, ngokuxelela inamba yefowuni kunye neendawo ze-pizza, banako ukufikelela idilesi yam kwi-blink yeso ukuze bazi indawo yokuhambisa i-pizza ngaphandle kokuba ndibaxelele rhoqo. Ezinye iindawo ze-pizza zitshintshile ngokwaneleyo ukugcina umkhondo wento endiyalileyo ukuba ndinokuyilandela ngokuqhelekileyo ngaphandle kokucacisa iinkcukacha zomyalelo xa ndibiza.
Xa ndiya kwiwebhsayithi yakwa-Amazon.com, ndibuliswa kunye nephepha lasekhaya elithi, Sawubona, Tony Bradley kunye nebhedi phezulu kwesikrini ebizwa ngokuba yiTonys Store ebonisa izinto endibonise umdla okanye izinto ezinxulumene ne-Amazon Ucebisa ukuba ndijonge kwizinto ezidlulileyo zokuthenga iimpahla kunye nezinto ezikhethwa kuzo.
Kodwa, oku kulungelelanisa nokusebenza kakuhle kwezobugcisa kuthetha ukuyekekisa ubuncinane bam ubuncinci. Ukuba ndifuna ukugcina ixesha kunye ne-pizza yokulahla i-pizza, indawo ye-pizza igcine igama lam, inamba yefowuni nedilesi yasekhaya, mhlawumbi nokuba imbali yam yolawulo, kwindawo ethile kwindawo ethile. Ukufumana unyango lwam olulodwa lwama-Amazon.com kunye neengcomo ezifunekayo kufuneka ndivumele ii-Amazon.com ukuba zigcine ezinye zeenkcukacha zam eziquka iimpahla zam ezithengiweyo kunye nezinto ndizifunayo kwangaphambili, kunye nokuvumela ukuba bafake ikhukhi kwindawo yam ikhomputha ebonisa ukuba ndingubani kumaseva abo.
Ngokwenza njalo, ndiyathemba ukuba iinkampani endiyikhethayo ukwenza ishishini kunye nokwabelana ngolwazi lwam oluyimfihlo kwaye ziya kuthatha olo lwazi ngezinga elifanelekileyo lokuqonda kunye nokhuseleko. Ndiyathemba ukuba bajikeleza baza bathengise idatha yam kwi-imeyile yokuthengisa i-junk okanye bayigcine kwifayile yesicatshulwa kwikhompyutheni engaphephile yokuba nabani na ongakwazi ukufikelela kwi-intanethi. Ukuba awunakho ukuzithemba kwiinjongo okanye ubuchule benkampani osebenza nayo, kufuneka ucinge kabini malunga nokwabelana ngolwazi lwakho lomntu.
Ingaba ibhaliwe ngokucacileyo kwimigqaliselo echanekileyo okanye echazwe ngokwemimiselo, imimiselo kunye nomthetho-wokubeka umgaqo-mthetho, kubonakala ukuba abantu bavumelana ngokubanzi ukuba kukho ilungelo lokuzimela ngasese kwaye urhulumente kunye nokunyanzeliswa komthetho kufuneka senzele egameni lethu ukuqinisekisa. Nangona abaninzi abantu baseMelika bengenakukwazi ukuphindaphinda izilungiso kuMgaqo-siseko, kwaye bengenakukwazi ngokubanzi malunga noMgaqo-siseko ngokwawo, kukho ithemba elithembekileyo kubantu abaninzi ukuba urhulumente uya kusebenza kwimida yoMgaqo-siseko kwaye yonke imizamo iya makwenziwe ukukhusela amalungelo anikwe nguMgaqo-siseko, nokuba ngaba asikwazi ukuba yintoni.
Ngelishwa, ukhuseleko kunye nolwangasese luvame ukungqubana. Ukubonelela ngokhuseleko olungcono, ii-arhente zokunyanzeliswa komthetho zinokugcina iinkcukacha zenkcukacha zabantu bonke abemi kwaye zihlale zilandelwa kwaye zijonge zonke iindawo. Ngokwenza njalo, ngaba ngamasela, izigebengu kunye nabanye abantu ababi bangakwazi ukuphazamiseka ngaphambi kokuba bahlasele okanye bancinci kalula. Ewe, njengabemi, asikulungele ukunikela ngokukhuseleka kwazo zonke izinto ukwenzela ukuba ipesenti encinci yabemi ababi abangabanjwa.
Esikhundleni salo, uluntu lwethu luye lwavela ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo zokurhweba ezibonakalayo ezinokwaneleyo ukuvumela ukuba abucala babantu ngokubanzi kunye nokunika amandla ukuthotyelwa komthetho ukulandelela ababi. Ukuchitshiyelwa kwe-4 yoMGaqo-siseko kukukhusela abemi ekuphenyweni okungekho mthethweni kunye nokuthunjwa kwepropati yomntu, kodwa kunika uxanduva lokuthotyelwa komthetho ukukwazi ukufumana isigunyaziso sokukhangela ukuba kukho ubungqina obaneleyo bokubonisa ukuba kunokubangela ukuba akrokre umntu owenza into engalunganga.
Nangona kunjalo, emva kokuhlaselwa kwamagorha ngoSeptemba 11, 2001, uMthetho we- USA-PATRIOT ususa amaninzi kulawo makhuselo ngenjongo yokhuseleko lwesizwe. Ukuxhaswa ngoloyiko, abantu bamkele uMthetho we-PATRIOT njengoko kuyimfuneko ngaphandle kokuyeka ukucinga ngempembelelo engaba nayo kubemi abagcina umthetho okanye nokuba ngamalungelo abo abaye balahlekelwayo aya kubangela ukuba kubekho isizwe esinokuphepha. Okubalulekileyo, urhulumente okanye ukuthotyelwa komthetho kunokukhawulela umntu onomdla kunye namalungelo anikezwe ngumGaqo-siseko awananto kwaye ayinanto. Utshintsho lwenziwe ukwenzela ukunciphisa i-tape ebomvu efunekayo yokuthotyelwa komthetho kumgca wocingo okanye ukukhangela ummangali kunye nabantu abanomdla banokuvalelwa ngokungenammiselo ngaphandle kokuhlawuliswa kwaye ngaphandle kokufumana isiluleko somthetho.
Urhulumente ulungiselela ukukhusela ubumfihlo bakho, kodwa kuphela ngokubhekiselele kwezinye iinkampani okanye abantu abazitholayo. Ngona nxalenye, banokukhetha ukuba iinkcukacha zakho ezipheleleyo zirekhode kwaye zigcine ukukwazi ukufikelela kuyo nayiphi na inxalenye yobomi bakho okanye idatha yakho efanelekileyo.
I-NSA (i-Arhente kaZwelonke yoKhuseleko) kunye noRhulumente waseUnited States bafumana uvavanyo oluninzi kwaye basongela ukuhlawula uPhil Zimmerman ngobudlova xa edala i-algorithm ye-PGP encryption kwaye avumele ukuba ithunyelwe kumazwe ngamazwe nge-intanethi. Babenokukhathazeka ngokuyinhloko kuba babengenakuqhekeza ukubethelwa kunye kwaye abafuni ukuba abantu bakwazi ukubethela izinto kakuhle ukuba urhulumente ngokwawo akakwazanga ukuwufikelela. Kukho iindleko ezenziwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwiminyaka elishumi edlulileyo izama ukugunyaza uhlobo oluthile lokungena emfihlelweni ovimba urhulumente uncedo olungasemgangathweni lokugqithisa naziphi na iindlela zokukhusela kwi-computer hardware okanye kwi-software.
Elinye lala mazwe OoBawo abasisiseko kunye nomthombo wonke wobulumko, uBenjamin Franklin, ubizwa ngokuba uthi Baza kunika inkululeko ebalulekileyo yokhuselo lwexeshana, abafanelanga inkululeko okanye ukhuseleko.
Ingxaki yukuthi, xa umgca ugqityiweyo, awusayi kupheliswa ngokupheleleyo. Umgca unokuthi uhanjiswe kwesobunxele okanye ngasekunene kuxhomekeke kwiingcinezelo zentlalo okanye ngubani olawulayo kumbutho, kodwa ingozi kukuvumela ukuba umgca ukhishwe kwindawo yokuqala. Intlawulo yeRhafu yaseUnited States, eyaqala njengeendlela zesikhashana zokunyusa imali ukuxhasa umzamo wemfazwe, iqhubeka iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu kwaye iqhubekile kwi-juggernaut yayo yesikhundla kwaye ivelise lonke ishishini lamagosa, iincwadi, isofthiwe kunye neenkonzo .
Umthetho we-PATRIOT wenziwa njengesiqhelo sexeshana, kodwa ngokukhawuleza xa sagqityiwe ukunyanzeliswa kwaqala ukunyusa umhla wokuphela kwamanye amalungiselelo okanye ukuphunyezwa komthetho ngokungapheliyo. Ngoku ukuba amandla anikezelwe, kunzima ukubuyisela. Ngokuqinisekileyo, ukuba ungumhlali ophakamileyo, ukuziphatha, ukususwa kwamalungelo ayisiseko anikwe ngumThetho we-PATRIOT akufanele kukuchaphazele. Kodwa, ngubani ongatshoyo oya kuthatha isigqibo sokuba yintoni eyenzayo yokuziphatha okanye ukuphakamisa? Unokuba ungasecaleni lomgca ngoku, kodwa kwenzekani xa umgca ugxotha kwaye ngokukhawuleza uzifumene umntu onomdla?
Ekugqibeleni, kukuya kuwe ukukhetha ibhalansi esebenza kuwe. Ubungakanani obuyimfihlo ukuba ulungele ukurhweba ukuze ube lula kunye nokusebenza kakuhle njengomthengi? Ubungakanani obuyimfihlo ozimisele ukuzinikezela nethemba lokuba kuya kunceda urhulumente ukhuselekile kwaye ukhusele isizwe?
USimson Garfinkel, kwincwadi yakhe yeDatabase Nation , uchaza indlela iteknoloji yedatha eguquke ngayo kwimeko apho phantse yonke into inentsingiselo kunye nokudibanisa idatha engabonakaliyo inokuveza umfanekiso omhle wobomi bodwa. Ngaphandle kokwesaba , uBruce Schneier unikezela ngqalelo ekunyanisekileyo kwi-tradeoffs phakathi kokukhuseleko kunye nenkululeko kwaye ibonisa ukuba ukhuseleko ludla kangakanani umdlalo wobumnyama kunye nezibuko ukukhupha ingxaki ebonakalayo xa iingozi ezingokoqobo zingashiywanga.
Ndiyincoma ukuba ufunde iincwadi ezikhankanywe ngasentla kwakunye neNtsomi yoKhuseleko lwasekhaya nguMarcus Ranum. Kukho ubuninzi beenkcukacha ezifumanekayo kwiinkcukacha zabathengi abangenzi nzuzo kunye neNdawo yokuLungiswa kwamalungelo okuLondoloza amalungelo.
Unokukhetha ukungabelane ngolwazi lwakho lomntu kunye neenkampani ongazithembi. Nangona kunjalo, nokuba ingaba urhulumente okanye urhulumente wesigqeba, umqeshi wakho, okanye ikhadi lakho lokuthengwa kwamakhasimende okugcina abathengi, ulwazi lwakho lomntu lukhona apho kwaye kufuneka uzame ukuhlala unolwazi kunye nokufundiswa malunga nendlela esetyenziswa ngayo nendlela ikhuselwe ngayo kwaye ukuba iyancitshiswa naliphi na indlela.
Xa kuziwa kumalungelo athatyathwe nguMthetho we-PATRIOT kunye namagunya amakhulu awanikezelwe kwi-arhente yokunyanzelisa umthetho ngokucacileyo ngokuchasene noMgaqo-siseko, ngumthwalo wakho ukuba ube ngummi onolwazi kwaye uvakalise uluvo lwakho ngevoti zakho . Ukuba unenkxalabo, kufuneka ubhale okanye ubize uMmeli wakho wase-United States okanye iSenetri kwaye uchaze oko.
Yenza umsebenzi wesikolo phambi kwakho ukuqinisekisa ukuba wenze ukhetho oluchanekileyo, kwaye ke unokuqiniseka ukuba uphendule rhoqo iinkcukacha ezifana nezitatimende zakho zebhanki kunye nerekodi yemboleko ukuqinisekisa ukuba zichanekile kwaye azizange zonakaliswe naluphi na uhlobo.