Ukuzalwa kweWebhu: IWebhu yeWebhu yehlabathi iqala njani?
Ukuhamba kwi-Intanethi .... iWebhu .... ukufikelela kwi-intanethi .... le miqathango yonke esiyazi kakuhle. Izizukulwana zonke sele zikhulile kunye neWebhu njengobungqina obunobomi ebomini bethu, ekuzisetyenziseni ukufumana ulwazi malunga naluphi na umxholo onokucinga ngawo, ukufumana izikhokelo nge-GPS ezithunyelwa nge-geolocation kwii-smartphones zethu, ukufumana abantu esilahlekile ukuthintana nayo, nokuba uthengise nge-intanethi kwaye ufumane nantoni na efuna ukuyihambisa emnyango wethu wangaphambili. Kuyamangalisa ukujonga emva nje nje emashumi ambalwa eminyaka ukuba sibone indlela esikude ngayo, kodwa ngokubanzi sinokuzonwabisa kwiWebhu njengoko sikwaziyo ngoku, kubaluleke ngokufanayo ukugcina ingqalelo iteknoloji kunye noovulindlela abasifikile apho thina namhlanje. Kule nqaku, siza kujonga ngokukhawuleza olu luhambo olumnandi.
IWebhu, eyasungulwa ngokusemthethweni njenge-offshoot ye-Intanethi ngo-1989, ayizange ibe yinto enokude. Nangona kunjalo, uye waba yinxalenye enkulu yobomi babantu abaninzi; ukubenza bakwazi ukuthetha, ukusebenza, nokudlala kumxholo wehlabathi. I-Web iyonke malunga nobudlelwane kwaye yenza ukuba ubudlelwane bube khona phakathi kwabantu, amaqela kunye noluntu apho bekungayi kuba khona. Le Web yindawo engenamida, imingcele, okanye imigaqo; kwaye uye waba yihlabathi eliyinyani.
Enye yehlabathi kunye neemvavanyo zempumelelo kakhulu
IWebhu iyilingo elikhulu, inkolelo yehlabathi jikelele, eyamangalisa ngokwaneleyo, isebenze kakuhle. Imbali yayo ibonisa indlela ukuqhubela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe kunye neendlela ezintsha ezinokuhamba ngayo ngendlela engafanelekanga. Ekuqaleni, iWebhu kunye ne-intanethi zenziwe ukuba zibe yinxalenye yesicwangciso somkhosi, kwaye ayengasetyenziselwa ukusetyenziswa kwangasese. Nangona kunjalo, njengokuba kukho ezininzi iimvavanyo, iingcamango, kunye nezicwangciso, oku akuzange kwenzeke ngokwenene.
NoNxibelelwano
Ngaphezu kweyiphi inkcazo yezobugcisa, iWebhu yindlela abantu bathetha ngayo. I-Intanethi, yinto leyo iNwebhu ibeke kuyo, yaqala ngawo-1950 njengolu vavanyo leSebe lezoKhuseleko. Babefuna ukuza kunye nento ebenokukunxibelelwano olukhuselekileyo phakathi kweeqela ezahlukeneyo zempi. Nangona kunjalo, xa le teknoloji iphume, kwakungekho nto yokumisa. Iiyunivesithi ezifana neHarvard neBerkeley zathatha umoya wale teknoloji yezobugcisa kwaye zenza ukuguqulwa okubalulekileyo kuyo, njengokujongana neekhompyutheni ngamnye apho iilwimi zavela khona (kungenjalo kwaziwa ngokuba yi- IP addressing ).
Ukufikeleleka ngokukhawuleza kubantu abasemhlabeni jikelele
Ngaphezu kwanoma yini enye, i-intanethi eyenze abantu baqonde ukuba ukuthetha ngokukhawuleza ngeposi ye-konnail kwakungasebenzi ngempumelelo (kungakhankanyi ngokukhawuleza) kunokuba i-imeyile engenakho kwiWebhu. Amathuba omnxibelelwano kwihlabathi lonke ayenengqondo-ebangelwa abantu xa iWebhu isanda kuqalisa. Ngamhla, asikho nto yokuthumela i-imeyili kumantakwabo eJamani (kunye nokufumana impendulo emva kwemizuzu) okanye ukubona ividiyo yomculo yakutshanje. I-Intanethi kunye neWebhsayithi ziye zatshintsha indlela esithetha ngayo; kungekhona kuphela ngabantu ngabanye kodwa kunye nehlabathi kunye.
Ngaba kukho imithetho kwiWebhu?
Zonke iinkqubo kwiWebhu zisebenza kunye, ezinye zingcono kunabanye, kodwa ngelixa zininzi iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo kwiWebhu, akukho namnye kubo olawulwa yiyiphi imigaqo ekhethekileyo. Le nkqubo, inkulu kwaye imangalisa njengoko ingaba nayo, ayikho ulawulo oluthile; esinika abanye abasebenzisi inzuzo engalunganga. Ukufikelela kuyo akusasazwa ngentando yenkululeko kwihlabathi jikelele.
IWeb idibanise abantu emhlabeni jikelele, kodwa kwenzekani xa abanye abantu befikelela kule teknoloji kunye nabanye? Okwangoku, kwihlabathi lonke, abantu abayizigidi ezingama-605 banokufikelela kwiWebhu. Nangona le teknoloji sele idibanise abantu abaninzi kwaye inokukwazi ukudibanisa okuninzi, ayiyikubamba-sonke isisombululo sokusenza ihlabathi libe yindawo engcono. Utshintsho oluntu kunye nophuculo, njengokwenza ubugcisa bufikeleleke kubantu, kufuneka kwenzeke ngaphambi kokuba iWeb ikwazi ukwenza nayiphi na inkqubela.
Ngaba wonke umntu unokufikelela kwiWebhu?
Omnye ongenakho ikhompyutha akanako "i- google it "; umntu ongenakho ukufikelela kwiWeb akakwazi ukukhuphela iitoni zendandatho zamuva kwi-PDA yazo; kodwa kuninzi, umntu ongenakho ukufikelela kwiWebhu akakwazi ukukhuphisana kwiindawo zemarike yehlabathi jikelele yeengcamango okanye ezoshishino. IWeb ikwiklasikhi yobugcisa, kodwa akusiyo wonke umntu onokuyifumana. Njengoko iWebhu iyaqhubeka ikhula, abantu abaninzi banokufikelela kule nkcazelo. Kuye kuthi ngamnye kuthi sifunde indlela yokusebenzisa eli gunya kwaye silisebenzise ngokufanelekileyo kwimpilo yethu kwaye lenze abo bangenako ukufikelela kuyo ukwenzela ukuba bakwazi ukukhuphisana kwinqanaba lokudlala.
IWebhu Iqala Njani? Imbali Yembali
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1980, i-CERN (i-European Organisation for Nuclear Research) yesazinzulu egama linguTim Berners-Lee weza neengcamango ze- hypertext , ulwazi "oludibaniswe" nolunye uluhlu lweenkcukacha.
Ingcamango kaTim Tim Berners-Lee yayingcono kunezinye izinto; Wayefuna nje ukuba abaphandi baseCERN babe nokukwazi ukuthetha ngokulula ngokunxibelelwano olulodwa lweenkcukacha, kunokuba kuninzi amanethiwekhi amancinci awayexhunyelelane nomnye nawuphi uhlobo lwendlela yonke. Le ngcamango yazaliswa ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle kokufuneka.
Nantsi isimemezelo sokuqala sethekhnoloji esatshintshe ihlabathi ukususela kwiTim Berners-Lee ukuya kwiqela leendaba elincinci ye-alt.hypertext eyakhetha ukuyiqala. Ngelo xesha, akukho mntu wayenayo nayiphi na ingcamango ukuba le ngcamango ibonakala ngathi encinci yayiza kuguqula hlabathi esihlala kulo:
Iprojekthi yeWorldWideWeb (WWW) ijolise ukuvumela iinqununu ukuba zenziwe naluphi na ulwazi naluphi na indawo. [...] Iprojekthi yeWWW yaqalwa ukuvumela ama-physicist aphezulu amandla ukuba babelane ngolwazi, iindaba kunye namaphepha. Sithanda kakhulu ekusasazeni iwebhu kwezinye iindawo kunye neenkonzo zeseva, i-Google Groups, ngolunye ulwazi. Abambisene nabo bayamkela! " - umthombo
Iikhomplikhi
Omnye weengcamango zikaTim Berners-Lee uquka iteknoloji ye hypertext. Le teknoloji ye-hypertext yayiquka ii-hyperlink , ezenza abasebenzisi baphephe ulwazi kwi-network yonxibelelwano nje ngokuchofoza kwikhonkco. Ezi ziqhagamshelwano zenza i-superstructure yeWebhu; ngaphandle kwazo, iWeb kwiza kuthi ayikho.
IWebhu yakhula njani ngokukhawuleza?
Enye yezona zizathu ezibalulekileyo ukuba iWebhu yanda ngokukhawuleza njengoko yenzayo yi-teknoloji eyabelwe ngokukhululekile emva kwayo. UTim Berners-Lee wakwazi ukukholisa iCERN ukubonelela ngekhompyutha kunye nekhowudi yeprogram ngokukhululekile ukwenzela ukuba umntu ayenokuyisebenzisa, ukuphucula, ukuyivula, ukuyivuselela-uyibiza.
Ngokucacileyo, le ngcamango yahamba ngendlela enkulu. Kwiiholo zokucwaninga ezingcwele zeCERN, ingcamango yolwazi oluxubileyo lwaqala ukuya kwamanye amaziko eYurophu, ngoko kuya kwiYunivesithi yaseStanford, ngoko ke ii-server zeWebhu zaqala ukuvela kuyo yonke indawo. Ngokutsho kwe-BBC kubhala kwimbali yewebhu kwi-15 ye-Web ye-Web, ukukhula kweWebhu ngo-1993 ukukhula konyaka kwakunzima kakhulu kuma-341,634% xa kuthelekiswa nomnyaka odlulileyo.
Ngaba iWebhu neInternet into efanayo?
I-Intanethi kunye neWebhu yeWebhu yehlabathi (WWW) yimiqathango ebantwini abaninzi bathetha into efanayo. Ngexesha baxhamle, iinguqu zabo zihlukile.
Yintoni i-Intanethi?
I-Intanethi yintetho yayo engundoqo kunxibelelwano lwekhompyutha. Yona isakhiwo apho iWebhu Yehlabathi Yonke isekelwe khona.
Iyiphi iWebhu yeWebhu yehlabathi?
IWebhu yeWebhsayithi yeWorld iyinxalenye ye-Intanethi "eyenzelwe ukuvumela ukuhamba ngokulula ngokusetyenziswa kweendlela zokusebenzisa umzobo kunye nezixhumanisi ze-hypertext phakathi kweedilesi ezahlukeneyo" (umthombo: iiWebhsayithi).
IWebhsayithi yeWorld World yakhiwa ngo-1989 nguTim Berners-Lee kwaye iyaqhubeka ishintsha kwaye yanda ngokukhawuleza. IWeb iseyona nxalenye yomsebenzisi we-intanethi. Abantu basebenzisa iWebhu ukuthetha kunye nokufikelela kwiinkcukacha zoshishino kunye neenjongo zokuzonwabisa.
I-Intanethi kunye neWebhu basebenzisane kunye, kodwa abayinto efanayo. I-intanethi inikezela isakhiwo esisezantsi, kwaye iWebhusayithi isebenzisa isakhiwo sokwenza umxholo, amaxwebhu, i-multimedia, njl.
Ngaba i-Al Gore yenze i-intanethi?
Enye yeengingqi ezidlulileyo zedolophini kwiminyaka elishumi edluleyo yinto eyayiyi-Vice kaMongameli u-Al Gore njengenxalenye yokwenziwa kwe-intanethi njengoko siyazi namhlanje. Ukunyaniseka akukona nje ukuba kunqunywe kwaye kumiswe njengolu; kungonwabi kakhulu.
Nazi amagama akhe asemthethweni: "Ngexesha lam enkonzo e-United States Congress, ndathatha inyathelo ekwenzeni i-intanethi." Ekhutshwe kumxholo, ngokuqinisekileyo kubonakala ngathi uthatha ikhredithi ngokuqulunqa into engazange akwenze; Nangona kunjalo, kungumngcipheko odibeneyo kunye neyezinye iinkcazo zakhe (ikakhulukazi zijolise ekukhuleni koqoqosho) ngokwenene zenza ingqiqo. Ukuba ufuna ukufunda oko kwakutshiwo (kunye nolwazi lwangemvelaphi) kulo lonke, uya kufuna ukuhlola olu lwazi: Al Gore "wasungula intanethi" - izibonelelo .
Kuyathakazelisa ukucinga ngendlela izinto ezahlukileyo ngayo uBerners-Lee noCERN banqumle ukuba bangabonakali kakhulu! Ingcamango yolwazi - zonke iindidi zolwazi-ukuba zifikeleleke ngokukhawuleza ukusuka naphi apha emhlabeni zazingummangaliso ongenakukwazi ukukhula kakhudlwana kwintsholongwane leyo iWebhu eye yabona ukususela ekuqaleni kwayo, kwaye kubonakala sengathi akukho nto iyakumisa kuyo nayiphi na ixesha kungekudala.
Imbali yokuqala yewebhu: Umda
IWebhu Yehlabathi Yonke yaziswa ngokusemthethweni kwi-Agasti 6, 1991, nguSim Tim Berners-Lee . Nantsi enye imbali yewebhu ibonakala ngokugqithisileyo njengoko ivela kwi-BBC.
- Ngowe-1957: Isebe lase-United States loKhuseleko lenze i-ejensi encinci ebizwa ngokuba yi-ARPA (i-Advanced Research Projects Agency) ukuphuhlisa isayensi yezobukhosi kunye nobuchwepheshe.
- 1961-1965: I-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) iqalile ukuphanda ulwazi ngolwabelwano kwiinkonzo ezincinci, ezixhunyiwe ngefowuni. I-ARPA ingomnye wabaxhasi babo abaziintloko.
- 1966: Isicwangciso sokuqala se-ARPANET sityhilwa nguLarry Roberts we-MIT. Iipakethi zokutshintsha iteknoloji iyavela phantsi, kwaye amanethiwekhi amancinci aseyunivesithi ayaqala ukuphuhliswa.
- Ngowe-1969: ISebe lezoKhupha liyakhupha i-ARPAnet esandula ukulungiselela uphando lwenethiwekhi. Iindawo zokuqala zenethiwekhi ezisemthethweni zazingu-UCLA, i-Standford Research Institute, i-UCSB kunye neYunivesithi yase-Utah. Umyalezo wokuqala wokuthumela umyalezo we-node wathunyelwa ukusuka ku-UCLA ukuya kwi-SRI.
- Ngo-1971: amaninzi amaninzi ajoyina umnatha, ezisa inani eli-15. Ezi nodes ezintsha ziquka iHarvard ne-NASA.
- Ngo-1973: I- ARPAnet iya kwihlabathi xa iKholeji yaseYunivesithi yaseLondon kunye neNorway Royal Radar Establishment ijoyina.
- Ngowe-1974: Ukunxibelelanisa inethiwekhi kuqhutywe ngakumbi; Idatha ngoku idluliselwa ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngokufanelekileyo ngokuyila kwe-TCP (iNkqubo yoLwazi lokuThumela).
- Ngowe-1976: i Unix iphuhliswe kwi-AT nakwi-T; UKumkani uElizabethe uthumela umyalezo wakhe wokuqala we-imeyile.
- Ngowe-1979: USENET, umama wazo onke amaqela eengxoxo ezinxibelelwano, uphuhliswa.
- Ngowe-1982: Iinkqubo zeteknoloji ze- intanethi ziphuhlisiwe, ezaziwa ngokuba yiTCP / IP (iProduction Control Protocol kunye neProtocol ye-Intanethi). Oku kubangela enye yeenkcazo zokuqala ze "intanethi" njengesixhobo esinoxhunyiwe.
- Ngowe-1984: Inani lemikhosi liye lafika ku-1000, kunye neyongezwa rhoqo imihla ngemihla.
- 1985: I-domain yokuqala ebhaliswe yiSymbolics.com.
- Ngowe-1987: Inani lemikhosi libhidliza amanqaku angama-10,000.
- Ngowe-1988: I-intanethi yokuqala ye-Intanethi ibangela amawaka e-intanethi.
- Ngo-1991: UTim Berners-Lee uvelisa iNdebe yeWebhu yehlabathi . UTim Berners-Lee usungula ngokucacileyo iphrojekthi yakhe kwihlabathi kwiqela leendaba ze-alt.hypertext. Kwisithuba, wathi le projekthi "ijolise ukuvumela ukuba izikhonkco zenziwe nakweyiphi na indawo". Yenza oku ngokusebenzisa indlela ye-hypertext yokudibanisa phakathi kwamaxwebhu ahlukeneyo. Nangona yaqulunqwa iminyaka emininzi ngaphambi kokuba uMnu. Berners-Lee utshintshwe nge-hypertext nge-intanethi. Wenza ukuba kufumaneke zonke iifayile eziyimfuneko ukuba abantu baphinde baphendule.
- Ngo-1993: Ukukhula konyaka weWebhu yehlabathi kwimeko engama-341,634%. UTim Berners-Lee wakwazi ukukhohlisa iCERN ukubonelela nge-teknoloji yewebhu kunye nekhowudi yeprogram yekhululekile ukwenzela ukuba ubani angayisebenzisa kwaye ayiphucule. Isigqibo sithathwa njengesinye sezizathu ezibalulekileyo i-web ikhule ngokukhawuleza. Ulwimi lokubhaliweyo lwe- HTML olusetyenziselwa ukudala ii-webpages lukhutshwa.
- Ngo-1994: I- ARPAnet igubha iminyaka engu-25. I-Yahoo yaqalwa ngabafundi beYunivesithi yaseStanford uDavid Filo noJerry Yang. Yayibizwa ngokuthi "Isikhokelo sikaJerry kwiWebhu yeWebhu yehlabathi" isayithi equkethe isiqulatho esiphezulu sezinye iisayithi. Yabizwa ngokuba ngu-Yahoo emva kwangoko. Igama limelele elinye i-Oracle. Amanye amafemu asemgangathweni amaninzi athi i-Yahoo yindawo ehanjelwe kuyo kwiwebhu namhlanje. UMongameli uBill Clinton ubeka i-whitehouse.gov kwiwebhu.
- I-1995-1997: I- RealAudio ingenise iteknoloji yokusasaza kwe-intanethi, iinkqubo zokudityaniswa kwe-intanethi (i-America Online, i-Compuserve), i-intanethi ye-Intanethi iyaqhubeka isomelezwa ngokudibanisa kwe-MCI, iMicrosoft kunye neNetscape ukulwa nobukhulu be-WWW, kwaye ngoku kukho 70,000 uluhlu lweposi. I-online storestore yasekuqaleni yayisungulwa njengeCadabra.com nguJeff Bezos ngo-1994. Yayinye yeenkampani ezinkulu zokuthengisa izinto kwiwebhu. Nangona yaqala njenge-online storestore ithengisa umculo, i-electronics, ifenitshala, kunye nokutya. I-Microsoft Internet Explorer ikhutshwe njengenxalenye yeWindows 95.
- Ngowe-1998: I- Google ivula i-ofisi yayo yokuqala kwigaraji eKalifornia. I-MySpace yayisisiseko sokugcinwa kwe-intanethi kunye nenkampani yokwabelana ngefayile kodwa yavalwa ngo-2001. Isayithi lokunxibelelana kwezentlalo kwisimo sawo samanje sisungulwe ngoJulayi 2003. Yaqulunqwa ngo-2003 nguTom Anderson, uChris DeWolfe kunye neqela elincinane labaprogram. I-MySpace sele inabantu abangaphantsi kwezigidi ezili-100 abasebenzisi. Isayithi ivumela abasebenzisi ukuba bakhe ikhasi lokuqala lekhaya, iiblogs, izithombe, umculo, kunye neenkqubo zokuthumela imiyalezo. Ngo-2005, utywala waseGauteng uRupert Murdoch ukhokhele u-580m kwisayithi. I-MySpace yatshintshile indlela yamanye amajelo eendaba ezentlalo , njenge- Facebook , Twitter kunye nePinterest .
- 1998-2000: Ibhola le-dot-com lalikhulile ukususela ngo-1997 Ngomhla kaJanuwari 2000 kwafikelela kwinqanaba eliphakamileyo xa i-Dow Jones Industrial Average ishicilelwe kwizinga lokurekhoda alizange lifike ngaphambi okanye ukususela. Ngomhla ka-Matshi 10 i-NASDAQ Composite Index yafikelela kwixesha eliphakamileyo. Kungekudala emva koko, iimarike zaqala ukuphazamiseka kwaye zahamba ezininzi iinkampani zokuqala ezibhaliswe kwi-dot-com boom. Phantse izigidi ezingama-20 zewebhu kwi-intanethi kweli nqanaba.
- I-ONLINE: I-"Wardrobe Imployment" Yaba yiyona nto ifunwa kakhulu kwiMbali yoMbhali: ngoJanuwari 5, 2004. Ngethuba lesigxina kunye noJustin Timberlake kwi-Superbowl pop star, uJanet Jackson wayenomsebenzi wokungasebenzi ngokugqithiseleyo. Ukulandela izitshixo zokukhangela zenze ingxelo ekutshekeni kwimiqathango efana neJanet Jackson kunye ne-Super Bowl njengoko abantu befuna imifanekiso yesiganeko. Kukho i-92615362 i-intanethi kwi-intanethi.
- Ngomhla we-2016-ngokuzayo: Ngokwezibalo ze-Intanethi, emva kokufikelela kwiiwebhiliyoni ezili-1 kwiSeptemba ka-2014, into ephawulekayo eyenziwe yiNetCraft kwi-Oktobha ka-Oktobha 2014 kwi- Web Server Survey kwaye ii- Stats Live Stats zazingabokuqala ukuvakalisa (bona i-tweet evela kumvelisi IWebhsayithi yeWorld World, iTim Berners-Lee) inani lewebhu kwihlabathi liye lahla, labuyela emuva kwinqanaba elingaphantsi kweebhiliyoni ezili-1. Oku kubangelwa ukuguqulwa kwenyanga kwimibala engabikhoyo. Kodwa silindele, nangona kunjalo, ukugqithisa ii-website ezili-1 zebhilidi kwakhona ngexesha elithile ngo-2016/2017, kunye nokuzinzisa ukubalwa kwesi nani ngaphezu kwesi sihlandlo esibalulekileyo kwi-2017/2018 (i- credit: InternetLiveStats.com).
IWebhusayithi inxalenye yempilo yethu yemihla ngemihla
Ngaba unokucingela ubomi bakho ngaphandle kokusebenzisa iWebhu - akukho i-imeyile, akukho ukufikelela kwiindaba eziphambanayo, akukho mva kwiingxelo zemozulu zemizuzu, akukho ndlela yokuthenga i-intanethi, njl. Mhlawumbi awukwazi. Siye sakhula ukuba sithembele kule teknoloji - yatshintshe indlela esenza ngayo ubomi. Zama ukuhamba olunye usuku ngaphandle kokusebenzisa iWebhu ngendlela ethile-mhlawumbi uya kumangaliswa ukuba uxhomekeka kangakanani kuyo.
Ukuhlala ikhula kwaye ikhula
I-Web ayikwazi ukulandelwa phantsi, awukwazi ukuyibeka kuyo kwaye uthi "kukho!" IWebhu iyaqhubeka, inkqubo eqhubekayo. Akakaze ayeke ukuziphindaphinda okanye ukuqhubela phambili ukususela ngomhla oqale ngawo, kwaye mhlawumbi iya kuhlala iqhubeka njengoko abantu beenxa zonke ukuqhubeka nokuphuhlisa. Yenziwe ngobudlelwane bomntu, intsebenziswano yezoshishino kunye nemibutho yehlabathi. Ukuba iWebhu yayingenabo ubudlelwane bobuhlobo, ayiyi kuba khona.
Ukukhula kwewebhu
Ukukhula kweWeb kuqhubekile, ukutsho okungenani. Kukho abantu abaninzi kwi-intanethi kunanoma yiphina ingongoma kwimbali, kwaye abantu abaninzi basebenzisa iWebhsithe ukuthenga ngaphezu kweyiphi na imbali kwimbali. Olu khuliso alubonisi uphawu lokunciphisa xa abantu abaninzi bekwazi ukufikelela kwiimithombo zewebhu ezibonakala zingenamkhawulo.