Ukuqonda iZicwangciso zoMgangatho
Iimephu
Ifom eyona nto ibalulekileyo yoyilo lomhlaba yimephu. Imephu yombono ophezulu wezakhiwo, izakhiwo zomthetho, imizila yepropati, imiqathango yokucwangcisa kunye nemida yepropati kwindawo ethile. Ngokubanzi, kukho iintlobo ezimbini zeemephu yedatha: ekhoyo kwaye icetywayo. Izimo zeemephu ezikhoyo ziqinisekisiwe zomthetho yazo zonke imida ekhoyo kunye nezibonelelo kwindawo echongiweyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo zidalwe ngumbutho ophando / iqela kunye nolwazi oluboniswe kwimaphu luqinisekiswa oluchanekileyo nguMqhubi womhlaba woBugcisa. Imephu ephakanyisiweyo iphinda ihlawulwe ngaphezulu kwiprogram yophando ekhoyo ukuba ibonise indawo yokwakha / ukuyila entsha kunye nokulungiswa okuyimfuneko kwiimeko ezikhoyo eziza kubandakanya umsebenzi.
"I-basemap" ekhoyo isakhiwe ngokusebenzisa iqoqo leenkcukacha zedatha ezithatyathwa ngabaqeqeshi abasensimini. Icandelo ngalinye liqulethe iinqununu zedatha: I-Point Number, Northing, Easting, Z-elevation, kunye neNkcazelo (PNEZD). Inombolo yendima iyahlula nganye ngongoma, kwaye ixabiso leNorthing / Easting i-Cartesian idibanise kwindawo ethile yemephu (ummandla welizwe umzekelo) obonisa ngqo apho ehlabathini langempela iphutshulwa yinto. Ixabiso le "Z" liphakanyiswa ngongoma ngaphezulu kwendawo ebekwe kuyo, okanye "i-datum" esetyenziselwe ukuboniswa. Ngokomzekelo, i-datum ingasetyenziselwa i-zero (inqanaba lolwandle), okanye i-datum esicatshulwayo (njengesiseko sesakhiwo) inokunikezelwa ngenani elingenanto (okt 100) kwaye ukuphakama kwamaphuzu kuthathwa ngokubhekiselele kulokho. Ukuba i-datum ye-100 iyasetyenziswa kwaye iphuzu elibanjwe ngaphantsi kwepronti ye-drive lifundwa njenge-2.8 "ngaphantsi kwelo nqanaba, ixabiso" Z "le nqanaba ngu-97.2. Ixabiso leenkcazo zegama leenkcukacha libhekisela kwinto ehlolisisiweyo: ikona yokwakha, phezulu kwengubo, phantsi kwodonga, njl njl.
Ezi ngongoma ziziswa kwi- CAD / Design software kwaye zixhunyiwe, zisebenzisa imigqa ye-3D, ukuvelisa i-Digital Terrain Model (DTM), ebonisa ukubonakaliswa kwezimo ze-site ezikhoyo. Ulwazi loyilo kunye nolwahlulo lunokukhishwa kwilo mzekelo. Umsebenzi womgca we-2D, njengokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo, iifom, ukuqhuba, njl njl Ukuthabatha / umgama kuwo wonke umgca wepropati uyongezwa kwi-basemap, kwakunye nolwazi lwendawo kuyo yonke iiponti / iimpawu kunye nawaphi na amalungelo asemsebenzini, njl.
Umsebenzi woyilo lweemephu ezitsha zenziwe phezulu kwikopi ye-basemap ekhoyo. Zonke izakhiwo ezintsha, ubukhulu babo kunye neendawo, kubandakanywa ubukhulu kwimigca yepropati ekhoyo kunye neentengiso zifakwe kumsebenzi we-2D womgca. Ulwazi olongezelelweyo lwenkcukacha lufakwe kwile mapuphu, njengeSignage, Striping, Curving, i-Lot Annotations, Restbacks, Triangles, i-Easements, Road Stationing, njl.
Topography
Izicwangciso ze-Topographic zikhethwa kwakhona kwiifom ezikhoyo / ezicetywayo. I-Topography isebenzisa i-contours, ukuphakanyiswa kwebala, kunye nezakhiwo ezahlukeneyo ezibhalwe ngokuphakama kwazo (ezifana ne-Finish Floor of Building) ukumela imilinganiselo emithathu yesayithi yehlabathi yangempela kwisakhiwo se-2D. Isixhobo esiyinhloko sokumela eli liluhlu lomgca. Iimizila zokugqithisa zisetyenziselwa ukudibanisa uluhlu lwamaphuzu kwimephu ephakamileyo. Zivame ukusetyelwa kwixesha elide, (njenge-1 ', okanye i-5') ukuze, xa kubhalwe, ziba ngumbonakaliso obonakalayo ngokukhawuleza ngokubhekiselele ekuphakanyeni kwendawo kwenyuka / phantsi kunye naluphi ukukhawuleza kwentlambo. Imigca yokubambisana esondelene kunye ibonisa utshintsho olukhawulezayo ekuphakameni, kanti ezo zingaphezulu zimelela utshintsho oluthile. Inkulu imephu, inkulu ikhefu phakathi kwemida iya kuba. Ngokomzekelo, imephu ebonisa lonke ilizwe laseNew Jersey ngeke libonise ixesha eli-1 ' imizila yayiya kufutshane kakhulu kwaye iya kwenza ukuba imephu ingafundwanga.
Kuya kuba nzima ukubona i-100 ', mhlawumbi ibe ngamaxesha angama-500' kwinqanaba elincinane kwiimephu enkulu. Kwiindawo ezincinci, ezifana nophuhliso lwendawo yokuhlala, i-1 'interour intervenals are normal.
Iingqungquthela zibonisa imida eqhelekileyo yomthamo kwixesha elide kodwa oko akusoloko kushicilelo oluchanekileyo lwento eyenziwa ngumhlaba. Isicwangciso singabonisa i-gap enkulu phakathi kwelayini ye-110 ne-111 kunye nelo limela intlambo eqhelekileyo ukusuka kwelinye iqhosha ukuya kwelinye elilandelayo, kodwa ihlabathi eliyinyani lingabonakali. Kunokwenzeka ukuba kukho iinduli ezincinci kunye nokudibanisa phakathi kwala mabini amabini, angakhuphuki / awele kwiindawo eziphakamileyo. Ezi zintlukwano zimele zisetyenziswe ngokusebenzisa "indawo yokuphakama". Lo ngumqondiso wempawu (ngokuqhelekileyo i-X elula) kunye nenxalenye ephezulu ebhalwe phantsi kwayo. Khawucinge ukuba kukho indawo ephakamileyo kwintsimi ye-septic phakathi kwama-110 ne-111 ama-contours anokuphakama kwe-110.8; uphawu lokuphakama kwebala "lubekwa kwaye lubhalwe kuloo ndawo. Ukuphakanyiswa kwamabala asetshenziselwa ukubonelela ngeenkcukacha ezongezelelweyo zezobuqhetseba phakathi kwemida, kunye nakwimbombo yazo zonke izakhiwo (ukwakha, izixhobo zokuhambisa amanzi, njl.
Olunye uhlobo oluqhelekileyo kwiimephu zezobugcisa (iimephu ezicetywayo) kukubandakanya "umcibisholo we-slope" kwiindawo ezifunekayo ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezithile zekhowudi yokwakha. Iintolo ze-Slope zibonisa ulwalathiso kunye neepesenti yomthamo phakathi kwamanqaku amabini. Ngokuqhelekileyo usebenzisa le i-driveways, ukubonisa ukuba ipesenteji yomthamo ukusuka phezulu kuze kube sezantsi ihlangabezana neenqobo "ezilungeleyo" zomthetho olawulayo.
Indlela
Izicwangciso zeendlela ziqaliswa ngokusekelwe kwiimfuno zokufikelela kwisayithi zidibene neemfuno zommandla wokwakha wendawo. Ngokomzekelo, xa kuphuhliswa indlela yokwenza ulwahlulo, ukulungiswa kwenzelwe ukukhulisa iipropati ezakhiweyo kwisayithi jikelele ngelixa zihambelana neemfuno zomthetho wezithuthi. Isantya sezithuthi, ubukhulu bemigangatho, isidingo sokukhawulela / iindlela zokuhamba, njl. Zonke zilawulwa ngummiselo, ngelixa uqobo lwendlela luya kulungiswa kwiimfuno zesayithi. Uyilo luqala ngokuseka umgaqo wendlela oza kuthiwa kuyo zonke ezinye izinto zokwakha. Ukuqwalaselwa kweengxaki kunye nomgca wendawo, njengokuba ubude beengcingo ezinqamlekileyo, kufuneka kubalwe kusekelwe kwizinto ezilawulayo ezifana nesantya sezithuthi, ezifunekayo ukuhamba kunye nemifanekiso yokujonga umqhubi. Xa ezi zinto zichongiwe kwaye i-centerline yendlela esungulwe kwisicwangciso, izinto ezinjengokukhawuleza, iindlela zokungcebeleka, izithintelo, kunye namalungelo-ndlela zingasetyenziselwa ukusebenzisa imilayezo elula yokumisela ukuseka isakhiwo sokuqala.
Kwiinkalo eziyinkimbinkimbi ngakumbi, kufuneka uqwalasele izinto ezinjenge-superelevation ezijikeleze iindonga, ukuguqulwa kwendlela kunye nobubanzi bomgama, kunye nokuqwalasela kwamanzi okujikeleza kwiintlanganiso kunye neendlela zokuhamba. Ininzi yale nkqubo ifuna ukuthatha ipesenteji yomthamo kunye kunye nobude benkalo kunye neeprofayili zendlela.
Umsele
Ekupheleni kosuku, yonke into eyenziwa yinkqubo yomgaqo-nkqubo ngokubhekiselele ekulawuleni ukuhamba kwamanzi. Zonke izakhi ezininzi eziyilo eziya kwisiza esilinganiselweyo zonke ziqikelelwe kwisidingo sokugcina amanzi ukusuka kwi-flow and to / or ponding in aindawo eziya kubonakalisa indawo yakho kwaye endaweni yoko uqondise kwiindawo oziyileyo ukuqokelela amanzi. Izindlela eziqhelekileyo zokulawulwa kwamanzi ngukusetyenziswa kwezibhobho zamanzi eziqhwithelayo: ngaphantsi kwezakhiwo zomhlaba ezineemivumba ezivulekileyo ezivumela amanzi ukuba agijime kuwo. Izakhiwo ze-Theses zixhunyiwe kunye nemibhobho yobukhulu obuhlukeneyo kunye nemithambeka yokudala inethiwekhi yomgca ovumela umyilili ukuba alawulwe umlinganiselo, kunye nomlinganiselo wokuhamba, wamanzi aqokelekileyo kwaye awutyelele kwimigca yokuqokelela imimandla, iinkqubo zamanzi ezikhoyo zomlambo, okanye mhlawumbi Amanzi aphantsi. Izakhiwo eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziswayo zibizwa ngokuba yi-Type B kunye nohlobo lwe-E.
Uhlobo lwe-B Inlets : zisetyenziselwa kwiindlela ezikhuselekile, zine-backplate ensimbi eyenza ngqo kwi-curb kunye ne-grate ihlala ijikeleze phezulu kwepaki. Umjelo wamanzi uhanjiswa kwithsaba yendlela (i-centerline) ukuya kumacangca kunye nomgca we-gutter uhamba ngokuya kwi-B-Inlet. Oku kuthetha ukuhamba kwamanzi ukusuka kwinqanaba lomgwaqo, ukuya kumbindi ngapha nangapha, uze ugijime ngaphaya kwelolu hlobo kunye nakwiindawo zokungena.
Uhlobo lwee-Inlets : ziibhokisi ezikhonkco kunye ne-grate ye-flat phezulu. Zisetyenziselwa ngokubanzi kwiindawo eziphangaleleyo apho kungekho ncipha yokulawula ukuhamba kwamanzi, njengendawo yokupaka okanye indawo evulekile. Indawo evulekileyo yenzelwe ukuba kukho ii-E-Inlets kumaqondo aphantsi kwipropathi, apho onke amanzi aya kuhamba khona ngokwemvelo. Kwimeko yepaki yokupakisha, ukufakwa kwezinto ngokucwangcisiweyo kulungiselelwe ngokugqithiseleyo kunye nemigca yamagquma, ukulawula yonke indawo yokungena kwiindawo zokungena.
Ngaphandle kokulawula umbhobho womhlaba, umyili umele aphendule malunga namanzi amaninzi anokuqokelela kwinethiwekhi yomnatha wamanzi kunye nokuba yeyiphi izinga liya kuphuma ukuya kwindawo ekugqibela. Oku kwenziwa ngokuhlanganiswa kwe-inlet kunye ne-pipe sizing, kunye nepesenteji ye-slope phakathi kwezakhiwo ezilawula ukukhawuleza kwamanzi okuza kuhamba phakathi kwenethiwekhi. Kwindlela yokucwiliswa kwamanzi, i-steeper umthamo wombhobho, ngokukhawuleza amanzi aya kuhamba ukusuka kwisakhiwo ukuya kwisakhiwo. Ngokufanayo, inkulu ubukhulu bombhobho, ngaphezulu kwamanzi angabanjwa ngaphakathi kwimibhobho ngaphambi kokuba iqalise ukulayinisa i-intanethi kwaye ibuyele ezitratweni. Xa ukwakhiwa kwenkqubo yokuhambisa amanzi, indawo yokuqokelela (yintoni umlinganiselo womhlaba oqokelelwa kuyo). Kufuneka iqwalaselwe ngenyameko. Imimandla engapheliyo, njengeendlela kunye neendawo zokupaka, ngokwemvelo zivelisa ukuhamba okukhulu kuneendawo ezinobungakanani ezinjengomhlaba wengca, apho i-seepage ibhalela inxalenye enkulu yolawulo lwamanzi. Kufuneka kwakhona uqwalasele iinkalo zemithombo yamatye kunye nemimandla kwaye uqinisekise ukuba nayiphi na utshintsho kwinkqubo yazo kubalwa kwisicwangciso sakho esicetywayo.
Uyabona? Akukho nto eyokwesaba apha, ingqondo elula elula esetyenziswa kwiimfuno zelizwe leCAD loyilo. Ucinga ntoni: ukulungele ukungena kwihlabathi le-CAD lehlabathi?