01 ka 09
Yiyiphi itafile yokuqukethwe?
Iziqulatho zibanceda abafundi babone ngokukhangela okokushicilelwa kwincwadi kwaye kubancedise ukuba bahambe kwiindawo ezithile eziqulethwe. Ifoto nguJoward Bear Itheyibhile yezinto eziqulethweyo (TOC) yindlela ehamba ngokubanzi efumaneka kwiipapasho ezininzi ezinjengeencwadi kunye namaphephancwadi. Efunyenwe kufuphi nephambili kwipapasho, i-TOC inikezela ngokubaluleka kobuninzi bokupapashwa kunye neendlela zokukhawuleza ukufumana amacandelo athile emxholo-ngokuqhelekileyo ngokubhala uluhlu lwekhasi elihambelana nokuqala kwecandelo okanye isahluko. Kwiincwadi, iitheyibhile eziqulatho zingabhala isahluko ngasinye sencwadi kwaye mhlawumbi iziqendu zesahluko ngasinye. Kwiimagazini, iitheyibhile yezinto ezingenakunokuthi zihlule iicandelo ngalinye okanye amacandelo akhethekileyo.
02 we-09
Umbutho we-TOC olinganayo
Isiqulatho esilula kunesiqhelo nje sezahluko neenombolo zamaphepha. Ifoto nguJoward Bear Itheyibhile yequlatho ingahlelwa ngokulandelelanisa kwiphepha lephepha: isahluko 1, isahluko sesi-2, isahluko 3, njl. Ezininzi iincwadi, nangona zinesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi, i-TOC, dwelisa okubhalwe ngendlela ebonakala ngayo papasho.
03 ka 09
Ulawulo lwe-TOC Umbutho
Iphepha leMboniselo Iziqulatho zihlala zibala kwaye zihluke. Ifoto nguJames Itheyibhile yequlatho ingahlelwa ngolawulo lokubaluleka kunye nezinto ezibalulekileyo ezibalulekileyo ezilandelwe kuqala zilandelwa ngumxholo omncinane. Iimagazini zihlala zisebenzisa le ndlela, zinika "iindaba ezifihlakeleyo" ukubeka indawo ebonakalayo ngaphezu kwezinye izinto. Ibali ekwiphepha 115 lingabhalwa kwi-TOC phambi kwamanqaku kumaphepha 5 okanye 25.
04 we-09
Umbutho we-TOC
Ezinye iziqulatho zinika inkcazo ecacileyo yeziqulatho zolu papasho. Ifoto nguJoward Bear Itheyibhile yequlatho ingalungiselelwa ngamaqela athile. Amacandelo, izahluko, okanye amanqaku malunga nesihloko esinxulumene nokubonakala kubandakanywa ndawonye kwi-TOC kungakhathaliseki ukuba bawa ngaphantsi kwipapasho. Iphepha elimalunga neekati linakho ukuqela yonke into enomdla othile kumnini wecats entsha kwinqanaba elinye le-TOC ngelixa iqela yonke into enxulumene nempilo yekati kwelinye icandelo le-TOC. Iimagazini ziza kubandakanya umxholo ophindaphindiweyo (iikholomu) kwicandelo eliqingqiweyo le-TOC ehlukileyo kumxholo womxholo otshintshiweyo kwimiba nganye.
Nangona iincwadi zidla uluhlu lwezinto eziqulethwe kumyalelo wephepha, loo mxholo uvame ukuhlanganiswa kumacandelo anxulumene nezahluko eziboniswe kwi-TOC eneenkcukacha.
05 ka 09
I-Basic TOC Ulwazi
Isiqulatho esisisiseko sifaka isihloko sesahluko kunye nenombolo yephepha apho eso sahluko siqala khona. Ifoto nguJoward Bear Ukufumana incwadi yeengcamango, izihloko zezahluko ezilula kunye namanani ephepha anelisekile. Iincwadi ezingabonakaliyo zingathatha le ndlela, ingakumbi ukuba izahluko zifutshane okanye ukuba isahluko ngasinye sihlanganisa isihloko esithile esingafuneki ukuba sihlulwe ngokwengeziwe kumacandelwana. Ngeenkcukacha ezicacileyo, ezichazwe ngezahluko, inkcazelo engakumbi ayimfuneko.
06 ka 09
Ulwazi oluchaziweyo lwe-TOC
Isiqulatho singabandakanya inkcazo elula yesahluko ngasinye. Ifoto nguJoward Bear Kwiincwadi zetekisi, iincwadi zekhompyutheni, indlela-kwiincwadi kunye namaphephancwadi kwitheyibhile elinezinto eziphathekayo eziphathekayo kubhenela abafundi. Isihloko sesahluko kunye nenombolo yekhasi zingabonakali ubuncinane kodwa cinga ukufaka iinkcazo ezimfutshane zendawo yesahluko kunye nezihloko zecandelo elincinci kunye okanye ngaphandle kwamanani ephepha.
07 ka 09
I-TO-Information Information
Isiqulatho sesinokuba liphepha elinye okanye amaphepha amaninzi - okanye zombini. Ifoto nguJoward Bear Amaphephancwadi abathengi kunye neendaba ezide zihlala ziphethe itafile yezinto eziqulethwe ngcaciso emfutshane yamaphepha amanqaku, ngamanye amaxesha ahamba kunye nemifanekiso.
Incwadi yesicatshulwa okanye enye incwadi ehlanganisa isihloko esiyinkimbinkimbi ingaba ne-TOC eyintloko elandelwa yinto yesibini, iphepha eliqela, i-TOC eninzi. I-TOC e mfutshane inikeza ulwazi nge-----glance ngelixa i-TOC ende ihamba ngokubanzi kwaye ivumela umfundi ukuba ahambe kwiindawo ezithile kwi sahluko.
08 ka 09
Yiyiphi eyokuqala - iziqulatho okanye itafile yezinto ezikuyo?
Yiyiphi eya kuqala, inkukhu okanye iqanda? Okokuqala kuqala, iziqulatho okanye itafile yezinto ezikuyo. Ifoto nguJoward Bear Kuya kuba lula ukuthetha oko kufuneka ukuba ube nomxholo phambi kokuba ube netafile yezinto ezikuyo. Kodwa ukudala itafile yezinto zokuqala kuqala yindlela enye yokuncedisa ukuba ukupapashwa kuhlanganisa zonke iipalati eziyimfuneko kwaye kunokukunceda ekukhombiseni ukulungiswa kwencwadi ngokuqala ukulungiselela i-TOC. Kodwa yile indima yabalobi kunye nabahleli. Ukuba ukwenza nje ulungiso lwephepha kunye ne-TOC yoshicilelo olukhoyo, inkxalabo yakho ebalulekileyo ekudaleni i-TOC ebonisa ngokuchanekileyo umxholo kwaye inceda umfundi ukuba ahambe ngokufanelekileyo.
Xa usebenza kwiphepha lephepha kwipapasho yonke, mhlawumbi uza kusebenza ngokukodwa kwimixholo yomibini kunye ne-TOC - ukugqiba ukuba u-TOC ufanelekile kangakanani kwaye uthabathe amacandelo kwisicatshulwa ukuze wenze i-TOC ngokuzenzekelayo.
09 we 09
Itheyibhile yezinto ezikuyo ifomathiwe njani?
Kukho ikhulu leendlela zokufomathiza isiqulatho seZiqulatho. Ifoto nguJoward Bear Akukho mithetho ekhuni kunye ekhawulezayo malunga nokufometha itafile yezinto ezikuyo. Imigaqo yoyilo kunye nemithetho eyisiseko yokushicilelwa kwideskithophu ngokuphathelele amafonti, i-clip art, ulungelelwaniso, indawo emhlophe, kunye nobude bomgca busebenza.
Ezinye iinkalo ezithile zibandakanya:
- Isihloko
Ngokwakhe isikhundla kwipapasho kunye nokufomatha kungabonakala kumfundi ukuba bafunda i-TOC. Nangona kunjalo, ngokuqhelekileyo kubhalwe ngeendlela ezithile. Iziqulatho , iziqulatho , kunye nakule Ncwadana zizihloko eziqhelekileyo. Ndiyibonile i-TOC ebhalwe njenge- Index nangona kunjalo ngokuqhelekileyo itayitile yecandelo elipheleleyo lokuphela kwebhuku.
- Dot Leaders
Kwakhona zibizwa ngokuba ngabaholi beeteksi okanye iinkokeli zekhokeli, le miqolo yamachaphaza inceda ukukhokela umfundi kumnye ulwazi ngolunye iphepha. Ngokuqhelekileyo uya kufumana iinkokeli ezicacileyo ezisetyenziswe kwitheyibhile yenkcazelo. Ukusebenzisa iNtloko yeeNtloko okanye i-Dot Leaders inecebiso malunga nemiba yoyilo kunye neengcali zobuchwepheshe beenkcukacha zeenkcukacha.
- Amanani
I-TOC ingaba neenombolo zephepha kwisahluko ngasinye okanye kwicandelo ngalinye ngasentla okanye ngaphantsi okanye ngakwesobunxele okanye ngasekunene kwesahluko okanye kwisihloko senqaku. Ukubambisana kunye nokufuphi imigaqo emibini ebalulekileyo ukugcina engqondweni. Ngokubeka ngaphantsi okanye ngaphantsi, gcina amanani afanele ngokwaneleyo kwisahluko / icandelo elibhekiselele ukuba ababonwanga ukuba bahambe ngeentloko ezahlukeneyo. Ngokufakwa kwesobunxele okanye ekunene, kunika ukuhlula okwaneleyo okanye ukusabalalisa (ukusondeleka) ukuba amanani awaxubeki kwisicatshulwa kodwa akusiyo indawo enzima kunzima ukuyichaza ukuba yiyiphi inqaku elihamba nayo (iinqununu zenkxaso zinokukunceda).
- Inani lamakhasi
Inani lamacandelo okanye izahluko kunye nenani leenkcukacha ezifakwe kwi-TOC zingadinga ukusebenzisa ngaphezulu kwekhasi elilodwa. I-TOC eyenza amaphepha angaphezu kwamabini okanye amathathu, inokuba luncedo kumfundi ukuba afake elifutshane "kwi-glance" TOC.