Yintoni eya kwisiCwangciso esibekwayo
Uhlobo lweeNkqubo zoPhuhliso
Plane Plan
Uyilo loyilo lokwakha uphuhliso lonke ulwazi olufunekayo lokwakha kwisakhiwo sevulophu ngaphakathi. Ngamanye amazwi, ukulungiswa kwendawo yokwakha idibanisa yonke into kwisakhiwo kunye nokushiya ukukhathazeka kwangaphandle kwabanye. Izicwangciso zokucwangcisa izakhiwo ziyindawo yokuqala yazo zonke izakhiwo zokwakha. Uluhlu lokuqala luqala ngokuphuhlisa izakhelo zangaphambili ukubonisa kubathengi ukuba bavakalise izimvo kunye / okanye imvume. Ezi mifanekiso zakha isiseko sesicwangciso somgangatho. Isicwangciso somgangatho sisilungiselelo esicacisiwe kunye nesingqamaniso sezinto eziphathekayo ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo. Izicwangciso zomgangatho ziya kuba neenkcukacha kunye neefowuni ezichaza izinto ezithile okanye iinkxalabo zokwakha ezifunekayo ukuba ziswe kwinqanaba lomakhi. Izicwangciso zomgangatho nazo zenza njengento "ebalulekileyo" ukubonisa umakhi apho unokufumana ulwazi oluthe ngqo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zesakhiwo. Kuqhelekileyo ukucwangcisa izicwangciso zeplanga kwizinga apho sonke isakhiwo sinakho-ngokucacileyo-kuboniswe kwiphepha elilodwa ukwenzela ukuba ubunzima bobubanzi bubone, kwaye ke ukudala iiplani "ezinkulu zokukhupha" zeendawo ezinolwazi ezinzulu, ezifana nezindlu zokuphumula okanye izitebhisi.
Izikhokelo kwezi zicwangciso zokubethelwa zenziwe ngamabhokisi adibeneyo ejikeleze indawo ekubhekiselwe kuyo kwaye ibhalwe ngamabhulethi athetha umakhi kwisihloko / isihloko sephepha apho isicwangciso esandisiweyo sitholakala khona. Izicwangciso zomgangatho ziya kusebenzisa nokusetyenziswa kwamacandelo kunye nokuphakama kwamabhodlela angabonisi nje kuphela indawo yale nkcukacha kodwa zibandakanya iifom zetsalathiso ezibonisa ulwalathiso oluthe ngqo ngalo. Ekugqibeleni, icebo lomgangatho wendawo yokwakha uza kuba neenkcukacha kunye neetafile eziqulethe indawo, isib., Ivolumu, kunye nezibalo ezakhiweyo ezibonisa indlela idizayini yokwakha idibana nayo yonke imfuneko yekhowudi yokwakha.
Izicwangciso zomgangatho ziqulethe ixabiso elininzi lenkcazelo kwaye ikwazi ukudideka ngokukhawuleza. Ngenxa yeso sizathu, abashicileli basebenzisa iziqulatho ezahlukahlukeneyo, iinqwelwana zemizila, kunye neendlela zokukhangela ukucacisa ukuba yintoni umgca ngamnye kunye / okanye indawo kwisicwangciso esimele. Umzekelo, kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukuzalisa isikhala phakathi kobuso obini bodonga olucetywayo kunye nomzekelo we- hatch (umgca ongatshatanga wezitena, ukuchithwa kwe-CMU) ukuze kubonakale lula, kanti iindawo zokudonga ezikhoyo zihlala zihlala ezingenanto ukwenzela ukuba umbukeli angakwazi ukukhawuleza phakathi kwababini. Iimpawu kwisicwangciso somgangatho ziyahluka kakhulu kuxhomekeke kukuphi ulwazi oluboniswayo. Isicwangciso solawulo lombane siya kubonisa iimpawu ezibonisa indawo, ukukhanya, kunye nokutshintsha indawo kodwa icebo le-HVAC liza kubonisa amaconsi okuhamba, ama-thermostats, kunye nokuphakama kwebhobho. Izicwangciso zomgangatho zingaphulwa phantsi ukubonisa ulwazi oluthile lwezorhwebo kwiphepha elilodwa okanye, ukuba le projekthi ibancinci ngokwaneleyo, ingadibaniswa ukubonisa imisebenzi ehlukeneyo kwiphepha ngalinye; umzekelo, i-plumbing kunye nee-HVAC zidla ngokudibanisa.
Amacandelo oLonga
Amacandelonga e-Wall anqunyulwa-ngaphandle kweendonga zeendonga (ngokuqhelekileyo zangaphandle) zesakhiwo. Ziyaboniswa kwisikhulu esikhulu kunezicwangciso kwaye zinike i-drafter ithuba lokubonisa ulwazi olunzulu malunga nendlela iindonga kufuneka zidibene ngayo, ziziphi iimpahla ezisetyenzisiweyo kunye nendlela ezikhuselekile ngayo kunye. Amacandeni eWonga ahlala ebonisa yonke into esuka kumgangatho womhlaba ongaphantsi kweenyawo, yonke indlela ephakanyiswe kwinqanaba apho uphahla ludibanisa phezulu kwodonga. Kwisakhiwo sebali-ezininzi, udonga lwaludonga luya kubonisa kwakhona indlela yokuhamba kunye neendlela ezibophelela ngayo udongeni kunye neenkqubo zokuxhasa eziyimfuneko ezifunekayo. Ezi ziqendu zibiza ngokugqithisekayo ezifunekayo ngaphakathi kwiinkqubo zekhonkrithi kunye nezobuncwane, udonga lwangaphandle olukhanyayo ukukhusela amanzi ekungeneni kwisakhiwo, iintlobo zokuqhawula, kunye nezo zangaphakathi kunye nokugqitywa kwangaphandle ukusetyenziswa. Zonke iinqunto eziyimfuneko zokwakha isakhiwo zivame ukuhlanganiswa kwiphepha elilodwa ukuze kube lula ukufikelela.
IiSpredishithi zeDetail
Iingqapheli zeziqulatho zidibaniso zeemifanekiso eziphakamileyo, ngokubhekiselele kwimimandla ethile yoyilo efuna ulwazi olunzulu malunga nokwakhiwa. Kwizicwangciso zokwakha, ezi zivame ukuhanjiswa ngokubanzi (1/2 "= 1'-0" okanye ngaphezulu) ukuvumela indawo eyaneleyo yamanqaku kunye nobukhulu. Iinkcukacha zisetyenziswa xa iimfuno zokwakha zommandla zinzima kakhulu ukubonisa kwicandelo lodonga. Ngokomzekelo, kuqhelekileyo ukubonisa iintlobo zonyawo njengeenkcukacha ukwenzela ukubonisa ulwazi oluthe xaxa malunga nokuqiniswa kwensimbi, okuya kuba nzima ukufunda kwisigaba sodonga. Iinkcukacha ezininzi zibizwa ngokuba yi "Typical" kwisihloko saso, oko kuthetha ukuba ulwazi oluboniswe ngumgangatho kwiimeko ezininzi zeemeko ezicacileyo. Naliphi na umzekelo ohluka kwi "oqhelekileyo" ukhankanywa njengenkcazelo ehlukileyo kwaye ibhalwe ngokufanelekileyo.
Imithwalo yokuHlalwa kweeNkcukacha kunye neBracing Concepts
Bracing Lateral
Ukuqhaqha kwamathambo yindlela yokomeleza isakhiwo ukukunceda ukuchasana nemimoya yesikhewu somoya kunye neziganeko zesisimo. Eyona nto ilula, indawo yokuhlala, ukwakhiwa kwengcamango yesikhokelo esenziwa ngokusemgangathweni iqhutyelwa kakhulu kunxweme lwangaphandle lwesakhiwo. I-plywood yokuhluka kwamanani ingasetyenziselwa ukukhangela isakhiwo sesigxina samatye, esingaqinisekanga kwi-lateral, kwisakhiwo esakhiwa yi-monolithic esisebenzisa zonke izicwangciso zesakhelo sangaphakathi ukuxhathisa ukunyakaza kwesantya. Ukongezelela, akuqhelekanga kwaye ifunwa rhoqo ngekhowudi, ukubonelela ngeendonga zangaphakathi ezithengiweyo kwiindonga zangaphandle ezingekho ngaphezulu kweenyawo ezingamashumi amabini anesihlanu (25 '). Ezi zindonga zangaphakathi zisebenza njengokomelezwa ngokusemgangathweni okugcina iindonga zangaphandle zingagudluki ngexesha loxinzelelo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ukuqiniswa okongeziweyo kweendonga kunye nokudibanisa kufakwe kwi-design design kwiindawo eziphambili ukuqinisa amaqondo angenamandla. Olu qiniso, olubizwa ngokuba yi-crossbracing, lusetyenziswa ngokubanzi ngaphakathi kwe-18 "yamacangci angaphandle, apho ukuhluleka kwesakhiwo kunokwenzeka.
Ngokuqhelekileyo kusetyenziselwa ukuqinisa amaphulo axhumo phakathi kwama-joists kunye neendonga zangaphandle ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwe-monolithic yesakhiwo phakathi kwamanqanaba. Xa ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo sezinga elibalulekileyo kubalulekile ukugcina engqondweni imfuno yamanqanaba aphantsi ukuba abe neengcambu ezingaphezulu kwexesha elingaphezu komgangatho ongentla. Oku kungenxa yeengcinezelo ezongezelelweyo ezongeziweyo ngokuphakama nokulinganisa kwinqanaba elongezelelweyo. Umgaqo oqhelekileyo wesigxina kukuba isakhiwo esisodwa sebali sidinga i-20% yesikhokelo esisemgangathweni kwaye kufuneka udibanise i-20% eyongeziweyo kwinqanaba ngalinye elongeziweyo ngasentla, oko kukuthi isakhiwo sebali ezimbini umgangatho wokuqala uza kufuna i-40% kunye neyesibini umgangatho uya kufuna 20%. Ukwenza isakhiwo segathathu ezintathu inqanaba lokuqala liza kufuna i-60%, yesibini, i-40% neyesithathu e-20%. Ezi manani zikhokelo zokuqulunqwa kokuqala kwaye zixhomekeke kwimimiselo yokwakhiwa kwendawo kunye nommandla wesimo esisebenza kuyo.
Umthwalo wokubala
Ukubala izixhobo ziyimilinganiselo efunekayo efunekayo ukucacisa umthwalo onzima kumalungu enkxaso yesakhiwo sakho. Izinto ezinjengophahla, umthwalo wekhephu, ubunzima bokuxhamla kunye ne-flooring, njl njl. Bonke baya kufaka imithwalo eyongezelelweyo yoxinzelelo kwisakhiwo sakho kwaye kufuneka kubalwe xa kukhishwa amalungu akho axhasayo. Izinto ezinokulinganisela (ukuxhamla, ukubeka phansi, njl njl) zibizwa ngokuba "ngumthwalo ofileyo", oku kuthetha ukuba inani lomthwalo ababekayo kwiinkxaso zakho alitshintshi. Izibalo zomthwalo ezifile zifezekiswa ngokuphindaphinda umgca wesikwere sekhava ngobunzima bezinto zokwakha ukujonga iiPounds / Square Foot (psf) efuna ukuxhaswa. Kubalulekile ukuquka zonke izinto eziza kusetyenziswa ukwakhiwa ngexesha lokubala kwemithwalo efile. Ngokomzekelo, xa ubala umthwalo ofile ophahleni, kufuneka ulandelele ubunzima beentsimbi, ukuxubha, ukugubungela, kunye nokuqhawula kunye naluphi na uphezulu lwangaphakathi njengebhodi ye-gypsum.
Izisindo ezingatshintsha zibizwa ngokuba "ngumthwalo ophilayo" (iqhwa, abantu, izixhobo zombane, njl.) Kwaye ngokubanzi kubalwa ngokusebenzisa i-psf encinci evumela ukuxhaswa kwemithwalo enjalo kwibala elifanelekileyo. Ngokomzekelo, isibonelelo esiqhelekileyo sokuhlawula i-psf isibonelelo sephahla i-psf engu-20 kwi-akhawunti yezinto ezinokuthi zingaphantsi kwekhephu elikhuphayo, ngelixa umthwalo ophakathi komgangatho wangaphakathi u-40 psf ukuvumela ukuba kusetyenziswe abantu abaninzi, ifenitshala kunye nezixhobo ezahlukeneyo. Amanani omthwalo owamkelekileyo alawulwa yizakhiwo zendawo kunye neemfuno zekhowudi yokucwangcisa. Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba imithwalo iqokelelwa ukusuka phezulu, okokuthi isiseko sezakhiwo zamabhantshi amabini kufuneka senzelwe ukuxhasa umthwalo ofileyo ophahleni, ilitye, phantsi, kunye neendonga, kunye nomthwalo ophilayo amabali apheleleyo kunye nomthwalo wekhephu.