"I-teknoloji yokuncedisa" ibinzana elibanzi elisetyenziselwa ukubhekisela kwiindidi ezininzi zeencedisi ezisetyenziselwa ukunceda abantu abadala nabantwana abakhubazekileyo kwimpilo yabo yemihla ngemihla. Ubuchwephesha bokuncedisa akudingeki ukuba ube yi-tech ephezulu. Itheknoloji yobuncedo ingaba into engasebenzisi "iteknoloji" kakhulu. Ipeni kunye nephepha lingasebenza njengendlela enye yokunxibelelana nomntu onzima ukuthetha. Ngolunye uhlangothi lwesiganeko, iteknoloji yokuncedisa inokubandakanya izixhobo ezinzima kakhulu, njengama-exoskeleton yokulinga kunye nezimpembelelo ze-cochlear. Eli nqaku lijoliswe njengesingeniso esisiseko kwi-teknoloji yokuncedisa abantu abangenakho ukukhubazeka, ngoko asiyi kugubungela zonke iintlobo zobuchwepheshe bokuncedisa ezisetyenziswa kuzo zonke iimeko.
Uyilo loMhlaba
Ulwakhiwo lwendalo yonke yimbono yokwakha izinto eziyiluncedo kunye nokufikelela kubantu abanokukhubazeka. IiWebhsayithi, iindawo zoluntu kunye neefowuni zonke zinokudalwa ngemigaqo yokuyila yonke into engqondweni. Umzekelo wendalo wendalo ungabonwa kwiinqanaba ezininzi zedolophu. Iimpepha zinqunywe kwiingcingo kwi-crosswalk ukwenzela ukuba bonke abantu bahambe kunye nabasebenzisa isitulo sabakhubazekile. Iimpawu zokuhamba zivame ukusebenzisa izandi ngaphezu kwimiqondiso ebonakalayo ukuvumela abantu abanokukhubazeka kwembono bazi xa kukhuselekile ukuwela. Ukuqulunqwa kwendalo yonke ayizuzisi nje abantu abanokukhubazeka. Iinqanaba zengqamlezo zixhamla kwiintsapho zinyusa abahambahambayo okanye abahamba behudula imithwalo yemoto.
Ukukhubazeka okubonakalayo kunye nokukhubazeka okuPrinta
Ukukhubazeka okubonakalayo kuqhelekileyo. Enyanisweni, izigidi ezili-14 zaseMerika zifumana ukuphazamiseka okubonakalayo kwinqanaba elithile, nangona abaninzi abantu bafuna i-teknoloji yesibonelelo yeeklasi. Izigidi ezintathu zaseMerika zinokukhubazeka okubonakalayo ezingenakulungiswa ngeiglasi. Kwabanye abantu, akusiyo umcimbi wembambano ngamehlo abo. Ukwahlukana kwezifundo ezifana ne-dyslexia kunokukwenza kube nzima ukufunda umbhalo. Iikhomputha kunye nezixhobo zeselula ezifana neefowuni kunye neepilisi ziye zanikezela inani elikhulayo lezisombululo ezintsha zokuncedisa ukukhubazeka kokubonakalayo kunye nokukhubazeka kokuprinta.
Abafundi beSkrini
Abafundi bekrini (njengokuba kuzwaka) iinkonzo okanye iinkqubo ezifundela itekisi kwiskrini, ngokuqhelekileyo ngezwi elenziwe ngekhompyutha. Abanye abantu abangabonakaliyo nabo basebenzise isibonakaliso se-braille esilungisayo, esitshintsha ikhompyutheni (okanye ithebulethi) kwisikrini se-braille sokufunda. Abafundi bekrini okanye izibonisi ze-braille ziyi-panacea. IiWebhsayithi kunye neenkqubo zokusebenza kufuneka zenziwe ngendawo yokuhlala ukuze ufunde ngokufanelekileyo kubafundi bekrini kunye nokubonisa okunye.
Iifowuni ze-Android kunye ne-iOS kunye namacwecwe adibanise abafundi bekrini. Ku- iOS okubizwa ngokuba yi- VoiceOver , kwaye kwi-Android, ibizwa ngokuba yi- TalkBack . Ungakwazi ukufikelela kokubili ngokusebenzisa izicwangciso zokufikeleleka kwezixhobo ezifanelekileyo. (Ukuba uzama ukwenza oku kukhange kwinqwenela, kungathatha amanyathelo amaninzi ukukhubaza.) Umfundi wesikrini esakhelwe ngomlilo ubizwa ngokuba yi- Explore by Touch.
I-Smartphones kunye namacwecwe amakhredithi e-touchs angabonakala enqwenela ukukhetha abantu abangabonakaliyo, kodwa abantu abaninzi bafumana kulula ukuyisebenzisa nezibonelelo zokuhlala. Ngokuqhelekileyo, unokusetha isikrini sasekhaya kuzo zombini ii-iOS kunye ne-Android ukuze ube nenombolo ekhethiweyo yezinhlelo zokusebenza kwiindawo ezinqamlekileyo kwisikrini. Oko kuthetha ukuba unokubamba umnwe wakho kwindawo efanelekileyo yesikrini ngaphandle kokuba ubone i-icon. Xa i-Talkback okanye i-VoiceOver inikwe amandla, ukuthabatha kwisikrini kuzakudala indawo yokugxila ecaleni kwento oyifakile (oku kuchazwe kumbala ohlukileyo). Ikhompyutheni yefowuni okanye yekhompyutheni iya kufunda kwakhona nje into oyifakile "Iqhosha elungileyo" uze uyiphononise kwakhona ukuqinisekisa ukhetho lwakho okanye uthephe kwenye indawo ukuyikhansela.
Kwiikhompyutha kunye nekhomputha, kukho iindidi ezahlukeneyo zabafundi bekrini. I-Apple ikhiphe i-VoiceOver kuzo zonke iikhomputha zazo, ezinokuthi zivelise kwiziboniso zebraille. Ungayiguqula ngokusebenzisa iMenyu yokufumana okanye uyiguqule kwaye uyikhuphe ngokumisela umyalelo-F5. Ngokungafani ne-TalkBack yefowuni kunye ne-VoiceOver, ngokwenene kulula kakhulu ukuyenza kwaye ukhubaze le nto. Iinguqulelo ezikhoyo zeWindows zibonelela ngeenkcukacha zokufumaneka kwiNkcukacha, nakuba abaninzi abasebenzisi beWindows bakhetha ukukhuphela isofthiwe esinamandla ngakumbi yokufunda iiflekhi njenge-NVDA yamahhala (kwi-desktop ye-Desktop Access) kunye ne-JAWS eyaziwayo kodwa ebiza kakhulu (Ukufikelela kwi-Job Access Speech) kwiNkululeko I nzu lulwazi.
Abasebenzisi be-Linux bangasebenzisa i-ORCA yokufunda kwesikrini okanye i-BRLTTY yeziboniso ze-braille.
Abafundi bekrini basoloko basetyenziswa ngokudibanisa neendlela ezimfutshane zebhodibhodi kunokuba imouse.
Imiyalelo yeLizwi kunye noDictation
Imiyalelo yezwi ngumzekelo omhle wokuyila yonke indawo, njengoko ingasetyenziswa ngabani na ongathetha ngokucacileyo. Abasebenzisi banokufumana imiyalelo yezwi kuzo zonke iinguqulelo ze-Mac, iWindows, i-Android kunye ne-iOS. Ukuqeshisa ixesha elide, kukho iprogram yokuqaphela intetho ye Dragon.
Ukumakishwa nokuPhatheka
Abantu abaninzi abaneempembelelo ezibonakalayo bangazibona kodwa bengakwazi ukufunda umbhalo okanye ukujonga izinto kwi-screen yekhompyutha. Oku kunokwenzeka nakwenzeka kuthi kuthi xa sibudala kwaye amehlo ethu ashintsha. Ukuncedisa kunye nokuncedisa okubhaliweyo kweso. Abasebenzisi be-Apple bancike kakhulu kwiinkalo zokufikelela kwi-MacOS kunye neendlela zokunqumla iifowuni zokusondeza kwiingxenye zesikrini, ngelixa abasebenzisi beWindows bakhetha ukufaka i-ZoomText. Ungakwazi kwakhona ukulungelelanisa izicwangciso zesiphequluli sakho ukuze ukwandise isicatshulwa kwi-Chrome, Firefox, iMicrosoft Edge, kunye ne-Safari okanye ufake iifayile ezifikelelekayo zokufikelela kwi-browser yakho.
Ukongeza (okanye endaweni) yokukhulisa isicatshulwa, abanye abantu bakuthola kuncedo ngakumbi ukwandisa umzekelo, ukuguqula imibala, ukuguqula yonke into ibe yi-grayscale, okanye ukwandise ubungakanani be-cursor. I-Apple inikezela inketho yokwenza isikhombisi semouse sikhulu xa "uyigubungela", oku kuthetha ukuba uguqula isalathisi emva nangaphambili.
Iifowuni ze-Android kunye ne-iOS zinokuphakamisa itekisi okanye ukutshintsha umboniso wokubonisa, nangona oku kungasebenzi kakuhle kwezinye iifayile.
Kwabanye abantu abanokukhubazeka okushicilelweyo, abafundi be-e bafunde ukwenza lula ukufunda okanye ngokufaka itekisi kwintetho okanye ngokutshintsha umboniso.
Iinkcazo zomsindo
Azikho zonke ividiyo ezizinikezelayo, kodwa ezinye iividiyo zinikeza iinkcazo zomsindo, eziyi-voiceovers ezichaza isenzo esenzeka kwividiyo kubantu abangenakukubona. Oku kwahluke kwiincwadana, ezichazwe ngetekisi zamagama athetha.
Iimoto Ezizilawulayo
Oku akusiyo iteknoloji etholakalayo kumntu oqhelekileyo namhlanje, kodwa i-Google isele ihlola iimoto zokuziqhuba ezihambahambayo kunye nabagibeli abaziimfama abangahambiyo.
Ukuvalelwa kweemeko
Ukulahleka kokuva kuqhelekileyo. Nangona abaninzi abantu abavayo bevame ukucinga ukulahlekelwa kwintetho ekhethiweyo njenge "nzima ukuva" kunye nokulahlekelwa kwindlebe epheleleyo "njengezithulu," inkcazelo ininzi. Uninzi lwabantu abachonga njengezithulu banamanani athile okuva (akunokuthi akwanele ukuqonda intetho). Yingakho ukukhulisa i-teknoloji yesistim exhaphakileyo (oko kukuthi ziphi izixhobo zokuncedisa ukuva.)
UNxibelelwano lwefowuni kunye nokuLawula ukulahleka
Ukunxibelelana ngefowuni phakathi kwesithulu kunye nomntu ophulaphulayo kungenziwa eMelika ngokusebenzisa inkonzo yokuthumela. Iinkonzo zokubuyisela zivame ukufaka umhumushi womntu phakathi kwabantu ababini kwingxoxo. Enye indlela isebenzisa itekisi (TTY) kunye nelinye isebenzisa ividiyo yokusakaza kunye nolwimi lwezandla. Kukho nawuphi na umzekelo, umhumushi womntu ufunda isicatshulwa kumatshini we-TTY okanye uguqulela ulwimi lwezandla ukuthetha isiNgesi ukuze uthumele umnxibelelwano kumntu ovayo kwifowuni. Le nkqubo ihamba ngokukhawuleza kwaye inobunzima ebandakanya amaninzi emva nangaphambili kwaye ifuna ukuba kwiimeko ezininzi ukuba omnye umntu uyayithanda ingxoxo. Ingaphandle yintetho ye-TTY esebenzisa isofthiwe yokuqaphela inkulumo njengomlamli.
Ukuba bobabini abasebenzisi banesisombululo se-TTY, incoko inokuthi yenzeke ngokubhaliweyo ngaphandle komsebenzisi olayishwayo. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye izixhobo ze-TTY zangaphambi kwemiyalezo yokuthumela imiyalezo kunye nokuthunyelwa kweefayili kunye neentsilelo ezithile, ezifana nokukhawulelana kumgca owodwa we-caps text without punctuation. Nangona kunjalo, basabalulekile kubathunywa bezithuthi eziphuthumayo, njengoko umntu oyisithulu angenza i-TTY call ngaphandle kokulinda inkonzo yokubuyisela ukuguqulela ulwazi oluphuthumayo ngasemva.
Iingcaphuno
IiVideos zingasebenzisa amagama-magama ukuba ibonise intetho ethethiweyo usebenzisa itekisi. Vula iincwadana ngamagama- nkcazo adalwe ngokusisigxina njengenxalenye yevidiyo kwaye ayikwazi ukufuduswa okanye ukuguqulwa. Uninzi lwabantu lukhetha iincwadana ezivaliweyo , ezinokuthi zivulwe okanye zivaliwe kwaye ziguqulwe. Ngokomzekelo, kwi-Youtube, unako ukuhudula uze uphonte amazwibela avaliweyo kwenye indawo kwisikrini ukuba iincwadana zivimbela umbono wakho wezenzo. (Hamba phambili uzame). Ungatshintsha kwakhona umgca kunye nokwahlula amagama.
- Yiya kwividiyo ye-YouTube kunye neengcaphuno ezivaliweyo.
- Cofa kwi Zi cwangciso
- Cofa kwi-Subtitles / CC
- Ukusuka apha unakho ukhetha ukwenziwa kwe-auto-translate, kodwa siyawutyeshela ukuba ngoku, nqakraza kwiinketho
- Ungatshintsha iisetingi ezinxulumene nomndeni wefonti, ubungakanani bombhalo, umbala wombhalo, umgca wefonti, umbala wangemvelaphi, ukukhanya kwemvelaphi, umbala wefestile kunye ne-opacity, kunye nesitayela sokugcina.
- Ungadinga ukupheqa ukuze ubone zonke iinketho.
- Ungasetha kwakhona kwizinto ezingalunganga kule menyu ngokunjalo.
Phantse zonke iifom zevidiyo zixhasa amazwibela avaliweyo, kodwa ukwenzela ukuba iincwadana ezivaliweyo zisebenze ngokufanelekileyo, umntu makongeze isicatshulwa sombhalo. I-YouTube izama ukuguqulwa ngokuzenzekelayo ngokusebenzisa iteknoloji efanayo yokubona izwi eyenza imiyalelo yezwi le-Google Now, kodwa iziphumo azihlali zihle okanye zichanekile.
Ndithatha
Kwabo abanako ukuthetha, kukho inamba yezixhobo zokwenza izinto kunye nobuchwephesha bokuncedisa abaguqulela imiqondiso kwisicatshulwa. UStephen Hawking unokuba ngumzekelo odume kakhulu womntu osebenzisa iteknoloji yokuncedisa ukuthetha.
Ezinye iintlobo zonxibelelwano ezingakumbi kunye nezinye iindlela zokunxibelelana (AAC) zingabandakanya izixazululo eziphantsi kwezobugcisa ezifana nezicwangciso ze-laser kunye neebhodi zezonxibelelwano (njengoko kuboniswe kwi-TV Show Speechless), izixhobo ezizinikeleyo, okanye iinkonzo ezifana neProloquo2Go.