Njengoko uqala ukuhlola umhlaba we-web design, ngokuqinisekileyo uya kufakwa kwiqela lamagama nemibandela emitsha kuwe. Omnye wemigqaliselo oya kuwuva ngayo "ukukhangela" okanye mhlawumbi "ulwimi lokumakisha". Njani "ukukhawuleza" kunokuhlukileyo kune "ikhowudi" kwaye kutheni abanye abaqeqeshi bewebhu babonakala besebenzisa le migaqo ngokungafaniyo? Masiqale ngokubheka ngokuthe ngqo ukuba "ulwimi lokumakisha" luni.
Makhe sibone i-3 Markup Languages
Phantse yonke imbonakalo kwiWebhu ene "ML" kuyo "ulwimi lokumaketha" (intshabalalo enkulu, yiloo nto "i-ML" imele). Iilwimi zokubhaliweyo zezibhloko zokwakha ezisetyenziselwa ukudala amaphepha ewebhu okanye yonke imilo kunye nobukhulu.
Enyanisweni, kukho ezininzi iilwimi ezisetyenziswayo ehlabathini apho. Kwi-web design kunye nophuhliso, kukho ezinye iilwimi ezilwimi ezilwimi ezilindelekileyo oza kuhamba ngazo. Ezi zi-HTML, i-XML kunye ne- XHTML .
Liliphi ulwimi loLwimi?
Ukuchaza ngokufanelekileyo eli thuba - ulwimi lokumaketha ulwimi oluchazela itekisi ukuze ikhomputha isebenzise loo mbhalo. Uninzi lweelwimi ezisetyenziswayo zifundwa ngabantu ngenxa yokuba izichasiselo zibhalwa ngendlela yokuba zihluke kwi-text itself. Ngokomzekelo, nge-HTML, i-XML, kunye ne-XHTML, itekisi yokumakisha
Umzekelo:
Lo ngumhlathi wombhalo obhaliweyo kwi-HTML
Lo mzekelo ungumhlathi we-HTML. Yenziwe itekisi yokuvula (
), itekisi yokuvala (), kunye nencwadana ebonakalayo kwisikrini (le yimiyalezo equkethwe phakathi kweetekisi ezimbini). Ithegi nganye ibandakanya "ngaphantsi kwe" kwaye "mkhulu kunokuba" uphawu lokuyikhetha njengenxalenye yokumakisha.
Xa ufomatha itekisi ukuba iboniswe kwikhompyutheni okanye kwiprinki yecandelo , kufuneka uhlukanise phakathi kwetawomi ngokwawo kunye nemiyalelo yombhalo. "I-markup" yimiyalelo yokubonisa okanye yokushicilela umbhalo.
Imali ayifanele ibe yikhompyutha efundwayo. Izichasiselo ezenziwe ngokuprintwa okanye kwincwadi zikwaqwalaselwa kwakhona. Umzekelo, abafundi abaninzi esikolweni baya kugxininisa amabinzana athile kwiincwadi zabo zetekisi. Oku kubonisa ukuba isicatshulwa esibalulekileyo sibaluleke ngaphezu kwesicatshulwa esijikelezayo. Umbala oqaqambileyo uthathwa njengemali.
Uhlu luba ulwimi xa imithetho iququzelelwe malunga nendlela yokubhala nokusebenzisa loo marki. Umfundi ofanayo unokufumana "inqaku elithatha ulwimi lokopa" ukuba baququzelele imigaqo efana ne "highlighter ebomvu" ingcaciso yeenkcukacha, i-highlighter ephuzi yimizuzu yokuhlolwa, kwaye amanqaku epensela kwiimida ezikwinqanaba elincinci lusetyenziso olongezelelweyo. "
Uninzi lweelwimi ezixubileyo zichazwa ngamagunya angaphandle okusetyenziswa ngabantu abaninzi. Yile ndlela iilwimi ezisetyenziswa ngayo kwiWebhu. Zichazwe yiW3C, okanye iNdebe yeWebhsayithi yeWebhu yeWebhu .
Ulwimi lwe-HTML-HyperText Markup
Ulwimi lwe-HTML okanye i-HyperText yoLwimi loLwimi luyinkokheli ebalulekileyo yeWebhu kunye nolona luqhelekileyo uya kusebenza kunye njengomqambi wewebhu / umqambi.
Enyanisweni, mhlawumbi lusetyenziswe ulwimi olusetyenziswayo kumsebenzi wakho.
Wonke amaphepha ewebhu abhalwa kwivumba le HTML. I-HTML ichaza indlela imifanekiso , i-multimedia, kunye neetekisi kuboniswa kwiiphequluli zewebhu. Olu lwimi luquka izinto zokudibanisa amaxwebhu akho (hypertext) kwaye wenze amaxwebhu akho ewebhu asebenzisane (njengamafomu). Abantu abaninzi babiza i-HTML "ikhowudi yewebhusayithi", kodwa inyaniso ngokwenene nje ilwimi yolwimi. Akukho gama elibi ngokuthe tye kwaye uya kuva abantu, kuquka abaqeqeshi bewebhu, sebenzisa la magama mabini.
I-HTML yilwimi ecacileyo yolwimi lokumakisha. Isekelwe kwiSGML (uLwimi oluPhezulu loLwimi oluPhezulu).
Yilwimi elisebenzisa amathegi ukuchaza isakhiwo sesicatshulwa sakho. Izinto kunye neetaki zichazwe ngamagama '
Ngelixa i-HTML yiyona nto ibalulekileyo kakhulu yolwimi olusetyenziswa kakhulu kwiWebhu namhlanje, akusona kuphela ukukhetha ukuphuculwa kwewebhu. Njengoko i-HTML yaphuhliswa, yaba neyinkimbinkimbi ngakumbi kwaye isitayela kunye nesigatshana somxholo zidibene ngolwimi olunye. Ekugqibeleni, iW3C yanquma ukuba kukho isidingo sokuhlukana phakathi kwesitayela sewebhu kunye nomxholo. Ithegi echaza umxholo wodwa uhlala kwi-HTML ngelixa ithegi ezichaza isitala ziye zahlulwa ngenxa yeCSS (i-Cascading Style Sheets).
I-version entsha ebhalwe kwi HTML i-HTML5. Le ngongoma yongezelela iinkcukacha ezininzi kwi-HTML kwaye isusa enye yobunzima obubekwe ngu-XHTML (ngaphezulu kwilwimi ngokukhawuleza).
Indlela ekhutshwe ngayo i-HTML iye yaguqulwa ngokunyuka kwe-HTML5. Namhlanje, iimpawu ezintsha kunye noshintsho zongezwa ngaphandle kokufuna ukuba yinto entsha, ingoma ekhutshweyo ikhutshwe. Uhlobo olutshanje lolwimi lubizwa nje ngokuthi "i-HTML."
Ulwimi lwe-XML-eXtensible Markup
Ulwimi lwe-EXtensible Markup ulwimi olulunye uhlobo lwe HTML lusekelwe. Njengo-HTML, i-XML isekelwe kwiSGML. Iyancinci ngaphezu kweSGML kwaye igqithise ngakumbi kune-HTML ecacileyo. I-XML inikeza ukwandisa ukudala iilwimi ezahlukeneyo.
I-XML yilwimi lokubhala ulwimi lweelwimi. Umzekelo, ukuba usebenza kwi-genealogy, unokwenza amathegi usebenzisa i-XML ukuchaza uyise, unina, intombi kunye nendodana kwi-XML yakho njengale:
Kukho nezinye iilwimi ezisezantsi ezidalwe nge-XML: i-MathML yokuchaza imathematika, i-SMIL yokusebenza nge-multimedia, i-XHTML kunye nabanye abaninzi.
IXHTML-eXtended Language HyperText Language
I-XHTML 1.0 i-HTML 4.0 ihlaziywe ukuhlangabezana nomgangatho we- XML . I-XHTML ithathelwe endaweni yocwangciso lwewebhu lwanamhla nge HTML5 kunye neenguqu eziye zavela. Akunakwenzeka ukufumana nayiphi na isayithi elitsha usebenzisa i-XHTML, kodwa ukuba usebenza kwisayithi elidala, usenokuhlangabezana ne XHTML ngaphandle kwendawo.
Akukho zichaso ezininzi phakathi kwe- HTML kunye ne-XHTML , kodwa nantsi oku uya kuphawula:
- I-XHTML ibhalwe phantsi. Ngexesha i- tags ze-HTML zingabhalwa kwimeko ye-UPPER, ityala le-MiXeD, okanye ityala elincinane, ukuba lichane, iifayile ze-XHTML mazibe yimeko ephantsi. (Qaphela - abaninzi abaqeqeshi bewebhu bhala i-HTML kuyo yonke i-lowercase, nangona kungengekho ubuchwepheshe obufunekayo).
- Zonke izixhobo ze-XHTML kufuneka zibe nomgca wokuphela. Izinto ezinomxholo omnye, ezifana kunye nokudinga ukuvala ukuvala (/) ekupheleni kwethegi:
- Zonke iimpawu mazicatshulwe kwi-XHTML. Abanye abantu basusa izicaphulo malunga neempawu zokugcina indawo, kodwa zifuneka kwi-XHTML echanekileyo.
- I-XHTML idinga ukuba iteks iyakhiwe ngokufanelekileyo. Ukuba uvula isalathisi () kunye neemetikizo (), kufuneka uvale italics element () ngaphambi kokuba uvale isibindi (). (Qaphela ukuba zombini ezi zinto ziye zacinywa ngenxa yokuba ziyizinto ezibonakalayo. I-HTML ngoku isebenzisa kunye endaweni yale mibini)
- Iimpawu ze-HTML kufuneka zinegama kunye nexabiso. Iimpawu ezimiyo zodwa kwi-HTML kufuneka zivakaliswe ngamanani kunye, umzekelo, isiqinisekiso se-HR siya kubhalwa noshade = "noshade".
Inqaku loqobo loJennifer Krynin. Ehlelwe nguJeremy Girard ngo-7/5/7.