Nantsi yintoni i-CPU bugs kunye neziphene kunye nento ongayenza ngayo
Ingxaki nge CPU , "ubuchopho" bekhompyutheni yakho okanye esinye isixhobo, sinokuhlulwa njengendawo yegciwane okanye iphoso . Kule ngongoma, i-CPU bug nayiphi na ingxaki nayo inokuqulunqwa okanye isebenze ngaphandle ngaphandle kokuchaphazela yonke inkqubo, ngelixa i-CPU iphutha yimbambano ebalulekileyo efuna utshintsho lweenkqubo.
Imiba enjengaleyo ne-CPU iqhelekile ngenxa yeepazamo ezenziwe ngexesha loyilo okanye ukuveliswa kwe-chip. Ngokuxhomekeke kwi-CPU ethile yegciwane / ukungaphumeleli, imiphumo ingaba yintoni na ekusebenzeni kakubi kumngcipheko wezokhuseleko obunzima.
Ukulungisa i-CPU okanye i-bug iquka ukusetyenziswa kwakhona kwesofthiwe yesofthiwe isebenze ne-CPU, edlalwa ngokuyihlaziya isofthiwe, okanye ithatha indawo yeCCU enye engenayo imbambano. Ingaba ithatyathelwe endaweni okanye isebenza ngeenxa yokuhlaziywa kwesofthiwe kuxhomekeke kubuqili nobunzima beengxaki ze-CPU.
Ukuxuba & amp; I-Specter Frags
I-flav i-CPU iphutha yabonakaliswa kuqala kuluntu yi-Google Project Zero ngo-2018, kunye ne-Cyberes Technology kunye ne-Graz University of Technology. I-Specter yachazwe ngaloo nyaka ngo-Rambus, i-Google Project Zero kunye nabaphandi kwiiyunivesithi ezininzi.
Umprosesa usebenzisa oko kubizwa ngokuthi "ukusebenza okucwangcisiweyo" ukuqaphela oko kuya kubuzwa ukuba kwenziwe ngokulandelayo ukuze ugcine ixesha. Xa yenza oku, idonsa ulwazi kwi- RAM , ikhompyutheni yakho okanye imemori yokusebenza yecandelo, ukuqokelela iinkcukacha malunga nento eqhubekayo kunye noko kufuneka ukuyenza emva kokwenza isenzo esithile esekelwe kule ngcaciso entsha.
Ingxaki yukuthi xa iprojekthi ikulungiselela izenzo zayo kwaye iqwalasela oko kuya kukwenza ngokulandelayo, loo nkcazelo ingabonakaliswa kwaye "ngaphandle" kwesoftware okanye iwebhusayithi ukuba ithathe kwaye ifunde njengeyabo.
Oku kuthetha ukuba intsholongwane kwikhompyutheni yakho okanye kwiwebhsayithi ekhuselekileyo inokuthi, ukufikelela kufumaneka ulwazi oluvela kwi-CPU ukubona oko kuqokelelwe kwimemori, nto ingaba yinto evulekileyo kwaye isetyenziswe kwisixhobo, kubandakanywa ulwazi olunzulu olufana neephasiwedi , iifoto kunye nolwazi lokuhlawula.
Ezi ziphoso ze-CPU zithintele zonke iintlobo zezixhobo ezisetyenziswa kwi-Intel, i-AMD kunye nabanye abaprojekthi, kunye nezixhobo ezichaphazelayo njenge-smartphones, desktops, nee-laptops, kunye ne-akhawunti ye-intanethi yokugcinwa kweefayile, njl njl.
Ngenxa yokuba ulungelelaniso olujulile ezi ntsipheko zingabakhompyutheni abachaphazelekayo, ukutshintsha i- hardware isisombululo esisigxina kuphela. Nangona kunjalo, ukugcina ifowuni yakho kunye neenkqubo zokusebenza ngokusesikweni kunokubonelela ngomsebenzi owamkelekileyo, ukuhlaziywa kwakhona indlela i-software yakho ifinyelela ngayo i-CPU, ngokukhawuleza ukukhupha iingxaki.
Nazi ezinye iinguqulelo eziphambili ezixhomekeke kwi-Meltdown kunye ne-Specter:
- I-Windows 10 ilandelwe ngokuhlaziywa kweK KB4056892, engayifaka ngesandla kule khowudi kodwa ingcono ifakwe kwi- Windows Update .
- Ezi zilandelayo zihlaziyiweyo zikhutshwe kwi-MacOS: High Sierra 10.13.2, Ukuhlaziywa koKhuseleko 2018-001 kwiSierra, kunye noHlolo lokuKhuseleka 2018-001 lwe-El Capitan.
- Iifowuni ze-Android eziqhutywa kwiNqanaba le-2018-01-05 leNgcaciso loKhuseleko kwaye kamva likhuselwe.
- Izixhobo ze-Apple iOS zifakwe kwi-iOS 11.2.2 "ukunciphisa imiphumo ye-Specter" kwisiphequluli sewebhu seS Safari.
- Iiphequluli zeFifoxfox zihlaziywe ubuncinane inguqulo 57.0.4 ikhuselwe. Uyabona njani Ndihlaziya i-Firefox? ukuba ufuna uncedo.
- I-Safari 11.0.2 ikhishwe kwi-MacOS Sierra kunye ne-OS X El Capitan.
Iphulo: Njalo qiniseka ukuba usebenzisa izilungiso kwinkqubo yakho yokusebenza kunye nesofthiwe njengoko zifumaneka! Oku kuthetha ukungayeki izaziso kwikhompyuter yakho okanye kwi-smartphone kwaye wenze konke okusemandleni akho ukugcina iinkqubo zakho zeekhompyutha ezihlaziywa njengeenguqulelo ezintsha kunye nezibuyekezo ezikhutshwayo.
Pentium FDIV Bug
Le ngxaki ye-CPU yafunyanwa nguNjingalwazi wekholeji yaseLynchburg uThomas Nicely ngo-1994, eyaziwa kuqala kwi-imeyile.
Ingozi ye-Pentium FDIV yachaphazela iipelisi ze-Intel Pentium kuphela, ngokukodwa ngaphakathi kwendawo ye-CPU ebizwa ngokuba yi "unit unit point", eyona nxalenye yenkqubo yeprogram eyenza imisebenzi yezibalo njengokungongeza, ukususa nokuphindaphinda, nangona le ngxaki yathintela ukwahlukana imisebenzi.
Le khowudi ye-CPU iya kunika iziphumo ezingalunganga kwizicelo ezichonga i-quotient, njenge-calculators kunye nesofthiwe yespredishithi. Isizathu sale mpazamo kwakuyiphutha lophulo apho kukho amathebula athile okufumana izibalo, kwaye ngoko nayiphi na izibalo ezifunekayo ukufikelela kulawo macwecwe azizange zichaneke ngendlela ebenokuba nazo.
Nangona kunjalo, kuqikelelwa ukuba i-Pentium FDIV bug izakunika iziphumo ezingalunganga kwi-1 kuphela kwiiyure eziyi-9 zezigidi ezijikelezayo, kwaye ziza kubonakala kuphela kumanani amancinci okanye enene ngokwenene, ngokuphindaphindiweyo malunga ne-9 okanye ye-10.
Oko kwathiwa, akukho mbambano ongaphendululwayo malunga nokuba kaninzi kangakanani le ngxaki inokuba yinkinga, kunye ne-Intel echaza ukuba kuya kwenzeka kuphela kumsebenzisi oqhelekileyo kanye emva kweminyaka engama-27 000 , kanti i-IBM yathi iya kwenzeka rhoqo rhoqo kwiintsuku ezingama-24.
Ama-patches ahlukeneyo akhululwa ukuba asebenze malunga nale ngxaki:
- I-Microsoft ikhuphe iipatches ze-Windows OS kunye ne-Microsoft Excel. Ezi fayile zibizwa ngeWW1140.EXE kunye ne- WE1136.EXE , ngokulandelanayo, kwaye iyakunokukhutshwa kwiwebhusayithi ye- Microsoft Software Library Mirror.
- UWolfram ukhulule le phakethi kwiprogram yayo yokubala.
NgoDisemba ka-1994, i-Intel yamemezela umgaqo-nkqubo wokubuyisela ubomi ukuba ithathe indawo yabo bonke abaprofeti abachaphazelekayo yi-bug. Ii-CPU ezithunyelwa emva koko azizange zithinteke yi-bug, ngoko ke amadivaysi asebenzisa inkqubo ye-Intel eyadalwa emva ko-1994 ayichaphazeleka yile ngxaki yeyunithi ejikelezayo.