Njengamalungu amaninzi ekhompyutheni, abaxhatshazwayo bavela kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo, ubukhulu, amandla kunye neentlobo. Bonke abaxhatshazi abadalwa ngokulinganayo, nangona kunjalo. Uhlobo ngalunye lokumelana nalo luneemeko ezibonakalayo kwiimpawu eziqhelekileyo zokumelana nomsindo, ukunyamezela, ukulinganiswa kwamanzi, ukulinganisa kweqondo lokushisa, ukulingana kwamandla, ukuphendula ngokuphindaphindiweyo, ubukhulu kunye nokuthembeka. Ezi ntlukwano zizisa iingenelo kunye nemingcele eyenza abanye baxhatshazwayo kwezinye iindawo zokusebenza kunye nomthombo wokuxhatshazwa kweengxaki zobusuku kwabanye.
Abaxhasi beCarbon
Iimpawu zokumelana neCarbon ezisetyenziselwa ukuba zibe yindlela eqhelekileyo yokuxhatshazwa esetyenziswa kwi-electronics ngenxa yeendleko zabo eziphantsi kunye nokuthembeka kwabo. Ukumelana neentlobo zeCarbon basebenzisa ibhloko ebonakalayo yezinto ezifakwe kwi-carbon powder, i-ceramic ephazamisayo, kunye ne-binder material. Ukuchaswa kulawulwa ngokutshintsha umlinganiselo wekhabhoni kwizinto zokuzalisa. Ukwakhiwa kwekhabhoni kwi-resistor kuqhutyelwa yimiqathango yendalo, ngokukodwa umswakama, kwaye itshintsha utshintsho kwixesha. Ngenxa yeso sizathu, ukuxhatshazwa kwekhabhoni kunokunyamezela ukunyamezela, ngokuqhelekileyo ku-5% kuphela. Ukuxhatshazwa kweCarbon kunye nokukhawulelwa kwamandla okufikelela ku-1 watt. Ngokuphambene nokunyamezela kwabo abahluphekileyo kunye namandla aphantsi, abaxhatshazwa bebhabhoni be-carbon bafumana impendulo efanelekileyo yokukwenza ukuba benze ukhetho lwezicelo eziphakamileyo.
Abahlaseli beCombon Film
Abaxhatshazi befilimu baseCarbon basebenzisa umgca omncinci wekhabhoni phezulu kwintonga ekhuselayo eyenziwa ukuba yenze umzila omncinci, omde wokuhlaselwa. Ngokulawula ubude bomendo kunye nobubanzi bayo, ukuxhatshazwa kunokulawulwa ngokuchanekileyo kunye nokunyamezela njenge-tight% 1%. Ngokubanzi, amandla okukhishwa kwefilimu yekhabhoni ayengcono kunokumelana nekhabhoni yekhabhoni, ngokulinganiswa kwamandla ukuya kuma-watts amahlanu kunye nokuzinzi kangcono. Nangona kunjalo, impendulo yabo yexesha elibi libi nakakhulu ngenxa yokukhupha kunye nokuxhotyiswa kwamandla okubangelwa ngumzila wokuhlaselwa kwifilimu.
Metal Resistors
Enye yeendlela eziqhelekileyo zokuxhathisa imifanekiso ezisetyenziswayo namhlanje zinezithinteli zefilimu zentsimbi. Ziyafana kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwe-carbon film resistors, kunye nempikiswano ephezulu ukusetyenziswa kwe-alloy yensimbi njengezinto ezikhuselekileyo kunokuba i-carbon. I-alloy yensimbi esetyenziswayo, ngokuqhelekileyo i-alloy-chromium alloy, inako ukubonelela ngokunyamezela ukuxhatshazwa kwezinto ze-carbon film resistors ne-tolerance njenge-0.01%. Ukuxhatshazwa kwefilimu yensimbi ikhona ukuya kuma-watt angama-35, kodwa iindlela zokumelana nazo ziqala ukunciphisa ngaphezu kwe-1-2 watts. Abaxhasi befilimu yensimbi yintsimbi ephantsi, kwaye bazinzile ngokungatshintshi kwenguqu ngenxa yokushisa nokusetyenziswa kwamandla.
Abahlaseli beFilimu
Ukuba yinto evelele kwiminyaka yee-1970, abaxhatshazi befilimu abaxakekileyo baninzi abaxhatshazwayo beentambo namhlanje. Zenziwe kwinkqubo yokuprinta kwesikrini esebenzisa umxube we-ceramic kunye ne-glass mix composite emiswe kwilwelo. Emva kokuba i-resistor isicatshulwa, iyakutywa kumaqondo aphezulu ukuba isuse umbane kwaye ifake i-composite yekheram neglasi. Ekuqaleni, abaxhasi befilimu abaxinekile babenentlungu embi, kodwa namhlanje bafumaneke kunye nokunyamezela njenge-0.1% kwiiphakheji ezinokusingatha ukuya kuma-watts ama-250. Abaxhasi befilimu abanobuchule banomlinganiselo wokushisa ophezulu, kunye neenguqu eziyi-100 ° C zokuguquka kokushisa okubangelwa ukuguqulwa kwe-2.5% ekuchaseni.
Abahlaseli bamabhayisikobho
Ukuboleka kwiinkqubo ze-semiconductor, amatshatsheli amancinci yefilimu ayenziwa yinkqubo yokuhambisa i-vacuum ebizwa ngokuba yi-sputtering apho umgca omncinci wezinto eziphathekayo ugcinwe kwi-substrate ekhuselayo. Uluhlu olulucebileyo ke umfanekiso otyunjwe ukudala iphethini yokuhlaselwa. Ngokulawula ngokuchanekileyo inani lezinto ezifakweyo kunye neprojekthi yokuxhaswa, ukunyamezela njengento eqinile njenge-0.01% inokufezekiswa kunye nabaxhasi befilimu abancinci. Abachasi bamabhayisikobho abaxhomekeke kuma-2.5 watts kunye nemigangatho ephantsi kunezinye iindidi ezichasayo kodwa zizinzileyo. Kukho ixabiso lokuchaneka kweengqungquthela ezincinci zefilimu eziqhelekileyo ngokuphindwe kabini intengo ye-resistant film resistors.
Abaxhasi be-Wirewound
Amandla aphezulu kunye nabaninzi abasichasayo ngokufanelekileyo abaxhatshazwayo be-wirewound, nangona kunqabile ukuba bobabini basemagunyeni aphakamileyo kunye nangoko ngqo. Ukuxhatshazwa kwe-Wirewound kwenziwa ngokufaka intambo ephezulu yokuchasana, ngokubanzi i-alloy chromium alloy, ejikeleze ubhondi bekheram. Ngokutshintsha ububanzi, ubude, i-alloy yocingo kunye nepropati yokubamba iipropati zengxube ye-wirewound ingafaniswa nesicelo. Ukunyamezela ukunyamezela kunjenge-0.005% ngokuchanekileyo kokuxhathisa ama-wirewound kwaye unokufunyanwa ngokulinganisa amandla ukuya kuma-watts angama-50. Amandla okuxhaswa kwe-wirewound ngokuvamile aneemfuno zokunyamezela malunga no-5 okanye kwi-10% kodwa banokulinganiswa kwamandla kwinqanaba le-kilowatt. Abaxhatshazi be-Wirewound bafumana ubunzima obuphezulu kunye nobuchule ngenxa yobume bokwakhiwa kwabo, okubenza babekwe kwizicelo eziphantsi kweefomati.
Potentiometers
Ukuphazamisa umqondiso okanye ukucwangcisa isiphaluka kuyinto eqhelekileyo kwikhompyutha. Enye yeendlela ezilula ukuguqula ngokuzenzekelayo isalathisi ngoluphiko oluchaseneyo okanye i-potentiometer. Amatentiometers asetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwizixhobo zomsebenzisi we-analog ezifana nokulawula ivolumu. Iinguqulelo ezincinci zentaba ezisetyenziselwa ukubetha okanye ukulungelelanisa isiphaluka kwi-PCB phambi kokutywinwa kunye nokuthunyelwa kubathengi. Iimpawu zamanzi ezinokuthi zikwazi ukuchaneka, zihlala zilula zixhobo eziphendulelayo ezihambayo kunye neendlela ezihamba phambili zekhabhoni ukuze zitshintshe ukuchasana ukususela kwi-zero ukuya kwixabiso eliphezulu. Amandla amaninzi amanamanani amanqanaba aphantsi kakhulu, iimpawu zengxolo ezimbi, kunye nokuzinza okuzinzileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ukukwazi ukutshintsha ukunyanzeliswa nokuguqula umqondiso kwenza iipotometers zixabiseke kwiinkqubo ezininzi zeesekethe kunye nokukhusela.
Ezinye iintlobo zokumelana
Njengokuba kunamacandelo amaninzi, kukho ukuhlukahluka okunye okuchasene nezikhundla. Enyanisweni, eziliqela ziqhelekileyo ziquka into ekhuselekileyo kwi-bulb light incandescent. Ezinye izinto ezichasene nezixhobo zokuchasana ziquka izinto zokufudumala, i-foil yentsimbi, i-oxide, i-shunts, i-cermet, kunye nabaxhasi begridi ukubiza ezimbalwa.