Indlela Yesebenzi Yesixhobo

Semiconductor Basics

Sibanzi

Itheknoloji yamanje inokubonga ngenxa yeklasi yezinto ezibizwa ngokuba yi-semiconductors. Zonke izixhobo ezisebenzayo, iisekethe ezidibeneyo, ii-microchips, abajikelezi, kunye neenjini ezininzi zakhiwe ngezinto zokugcina izinto. Nangona i-silicon iyona nto isetyenzisiweyo kakhulu kwaye iyaziwa ngokugqithiseleyo kwimpahla ye-electronics, i-semiconductors isetyenziselwa i-semiconductors esebenzisa i-Germanium, i-Gallium Arsenide, i-Silicon Carbide, kunye ne-semiconductors ye-organic. Izinto eziphathekayo zizisa iintlobo ezithile kwitheyibhile ezifana nomlinganiselo weendleko / ukusebenza, i-speed-speed operation, ukushisa okuphezulu, okanye impendulo oyifunayo kumqondiso.

Semiconductors

Yintoni eyenza i-semiconductors kuba luncedo ukukwazi ukulawula ngokuthe ngqo izixhobo zabo zombane kunye nokuziphatha ngexesha lokuvelisa. Izakhiwo ze-Semiconductor zilawulwa ngokungeza ubuncinci bemilinganiselo ye-semiconductor ngokusebenzisa inkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-doping, kunye nokungahlambulukanga okuhlukeneyo kunye neziphumo ezivelisa iziphumo ezahlukileyo. Ngokulawula i-doping, indlela yokusebenza kwamandla kagesi ehamba ngayo i-semiconductor ingalawulwa.

Ngomqhubi oqhelekileyo, njengobhedu, ii-electron zithwala okwangoku kwaye zenze njengomphathi wenkcitho. Kwi-semiconductors zombini i-electron kunye 'nemingxuma,' ukungabikho kwe-electron, njengabaphathi bezithuthi. Ngokulawula i-doping ye-semiconductor, i-conductivity, kwaye umphathi wecala unokulungiswa ukuba ibe yi-electron okanye imbobo esekelwe.

Kukho iintlobo ezimbini ze-doping, uhlobo lwe-N kunye nohlobo lwe-P. I-N-dopants ye-N, ngokuqhelekileyo i-phosphorus okanye i-arsenic, inee-electron zintlanu, apho xa zongezwa kwi-semiconductor zinika i-electron engaphezulu. Ekubeni ama-electron anexabiso elibi, i-doped impahla ngale ndlela ibizwa ngokuba yi-N. I-P-type dopants, efana ne-boron ne-gallium, kuphela i-electron elinezinto ezintathu ezibangelwa ukungabikho kwe-electron kwi-crystal semiconductor, ngokudala ngempumelelo imbobo okanye inkokhelo enhle, ngoko igama elithi P-type. Bobabini abahlobo be-N kunye ne-P-type dopants, nokuba ngamaminithi emininzi, baya kwenza i-semiconductor umqhubi ohloniphekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, i-N-type kunye ne-P-type semiconductors ayibalulekanga kakhulu ngokwabo, ekubeni ngabaqhubi abafanelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, xa uzibeka ekudibanisaneni nomnye, ukwenza i-PN iqhagamshelo, ufumana iimpawu ezihluke kakhulu kwaye zisebenziseka kakhulu.

I-PN Junction Diode

Ikhonkco le-PN, ngokungafaniyo nento nganye ngokuhlukileyo, ayenzi njengomqhubi. Esikhundleni sokuvumela ukuqhutywa kwamanzi kuyo nayiphi na indlela, ikhonkco le-PN livumela kuphela ukuhamba kwelo xesha, ukudala idiode eyisiseko. Ukusebenzisa umbane kwi-junction ye-PN kwicala eliphambili (ukukhawuleza phambili) kunceda ama-electron kwindawo ye-N zidibanisa nemingxobo kwindawo ye-P. Ukuzama ukuguqula ukuhamba kwezinto ezikhoyo (ukuhlaziya ngokutsha) ngokusebenzisa i-diode ibangela i-electron kunye nemingxube ekhuselekileyo ekukhuseleni ukuhamba okuphuma kumda. Ukudibanisa iziganeko ze-PN ngezinye iindlela kuvula iingcango kwezinye iindidi ze-semiconductor, ezifana ne-transistor.

Abaguquleli

I-transistor eyisiseko yenziwe ngokuhlanganiswa kokuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezintathu ze-N kunye nohlobo lwe-P kunezinto ezimbini ezisetyenziswe kwidiode. Ukudibanisa ezi zinto kuvelisa i-NPN kunye ne-PNP transistors eyaziwa ngokuba yi-bipolar junction transistors okanye i-BJTs. Iziko, okanye isiseko, ummandla we-BJT uvumela umtshintshisi ukuba enze njengomtshintshi okanye amplifier.

Ngelixa i-NPN kunye ne-PNP transistors zinokubonakala ngathi zidididi ezimbini ezibuyiselwe emuva, eziya kuvimba zonke izinto ezikhoyo ukuba zingadluli kuyo. Xa umgca wesiseko uhambela phambili ukwenzela ukuba i-current current flow flow through the layout center, iipropati ze-diode ezenziwe ngenguqu yecala lokubeka ukuvumela ukuhamba okona kuninzi kuhamba kuyo yonke idivayisi. Olu hlobo lunikeza umtshintshi ukukwazi ukukhulisa iifudlana ezincinci kwaye usebenze njengomtshintshi uvula umthombo wamanje okanye ukhulile.

Iindidi zeentlobo zeendlela zokuhamba kunye nezinye iifowuni ze-semiconductor zingenziwa ngokudibanisa imihlangano ye-PN ngeendlela ezininzi, ukusuka kwizinto eziphambili, ezizodwa ezihamba phambili kwiidiode ezilawulwayo. Ezi zinto zilandelayo zimbalwa zezinto ezenziwe ngokubambisana ngokucophelela kweendibano ze-PN.

Izixhobo

Ukongezelela kolawulo lwangoku ukuba i-semiconductors ivumele, nazo zinemihlaba eyenza iisenzi ezifanelekileyo. Zingenziwa ukuba zithintele utshintsho kwiqondo lokushisa, uxinzelelo kunye nokukhanya. Utshintsho kwindlela yokuchasana luhlobo oluqhelekileyo lwempendulo kwisinzwa esicwangcisiweyo. Ezimbalwa zeentlobo zeenzwa eziye zenziwa ngamacandelo e-semiconductor zidweliswe ngezantsi.