I-NoSQL ingqamaniso yenziwe ngo-1998. Abantu abaninzi bacinga ukuba i-NoSQL yinto egxekayo eyenzelwe ukukhupha kwi-SQL. Enyanisweni, eli gama lithetha i-Not Only SQL. Iingcamango kukuba zombini ubuchwepheshe buya kuhlala kunye kwaye nganye inendawo yayo. Intshukumo ye-NoSQL ibiye kwiindaba kwiimbalwa ezimbalwa zeminyaka edlulileyo njengoko ezininzi iinkokheli ze-Web 2.0 zamukele iteknoloji ye-NoSQL. Iinkampani ezinjenge-Facebook, i-Twitter, i-Digg, i-Amazon, i-LinkedIn kunye ne-Google yonke isebenzisa i-NoSQL ngenye indlela.
Masiqhekeze i-NoSQL ukuze ukwazi ukuyichaza kwi-CIO yakho okanye nakubasebenzi bakho.
I-NoSQL ivela kwi-Need
Ukugcinwa kwedata: Idatha yedijithali egciniweyo yehlabathi iyalinganiswa kwi-exabytes. I-exabyte ilingana neigigabyte ezigidigidi (GB) zedatha. Ngokwe-Internet.com, inani lemali egcinwe ngo-2006 laliyi-161 exabytes. Kwiminyaka emine nje emva koko ngo-2010, inani lemali elondoloziweyo liza kuba malunga ne-ExaBytes eli-1000 elinyuka ngama-500%. Ngamanye amazwi, kukho idatha eninzi igcinwa kwihlabathi kwaye iyaqhubeka ikhula.
Idatha edibeneyo : Idata iyaqhubeka ixhumeke ngakumbi. Ukudalwa kwewebhu kuphakanyiswe kwii-hyperlink, iiblogi zinemiqobo kwaye zonke iinkqubo ezinkulu zokunxibelelana kwezentlalo zithethi zibophe izinto ndawonye. Iinkqubo ezinkulu zakhiwa ukuba zidibaniswe.
Ulwakhiwo loLwazi lweComplex : I- NoSQL inokusingatha izakhiwo zedatha ezinokuthi zenzeke ngokukhawuleza. Ukuze ufeze into efanayo kwi-SQL, uya kufuna iithayibhile ezininzi zobudlelwane kunye nazo zonke iintlobo zezitshixo.
Ukongezelela, kukho ubudlelwane phakathi kokusebenza kunye nobunzima beenkcukacha. Ukusebenza kunganciphisa kwi-RDBMS yendabuko njengoko sigcina inani elikhulu leedatha ezifunekayo kwizicelo zokunxibelelana kwezentlalo kunye newebhu ye-semantic.
Yintoni i-NoSQL?
Ndicinga ukuba enye indlela yokuchaza i-NoSQL kukuqwalasela oko akunjalo.
Akusiyo i-SQL kwaye ayiyibudlelwane. Njengoko igama libonisa, akusikho indawo ye-RDBMS kodwa uyayincoma. I-NoSQL yenzelwe ukuhanjiswa kwedatha yeedatha kwiimfuno zedatha kakhulu. Cinga nge-Facebook kunye nabasebenzisi bayo abangama-500,000,000 okanye i-Twitter eqokelela iTerabits yedata rhoqo ngosuku.
Kwiziko le-NoSQL, akukho sikimu esicwangcisiweyo kwaye akukho nxaxheba. I-RDBMS "isilinganisela" ngokufumana i-hardware ngokukhawuleza nangokukhawuleza kunye nokongeza imemori. I-NoSQL, ngakolunye uhlangothi, inokusebenzisa inzuzo "yokukhawuleza". Ukukhutshwa okubhekiselele kubhekisela ekusasazeni umthwalo kwiinkqubo ezininzi zeempahla. Le nxalenye ye-NoSQL eyenza isisombululo esincinci kwiifasethi ezinkulu.
I-NoSQL Izigaba
Ihlabathi langoku le-NoSQL lingena kwiinqanaba ezi-4 ezisisiseko.
- Iimpawu zokubaluleka ezisisiseko zisekelwe ngokusisiseko kwi -Dynamo Paper ye-Amazon eyabhalwa ngo-2007. Ingcamango ephambili kukukho kwetafile ye hashi apho kukho iqhosha eliyingqayizivele kunye nesicathulo kwinto ethile yedatha. Ezi mpapu zihlala zihamba kunye neendlela zokugcina i-cache zokukhulisa ukusebenza.
Ikholam yoLondolozo lwezentlalo lwakhiwe ukugcina nokucwangcisa ixabiso elikhulu kakhulu lenkcukacha elishicilelweyo kwiinkampani ezininzi. Kukho izixhobo kodwa zikhomba kwiikholamu ezininzi. Kwimeko ye-BigTable (i-Google Colum Family Family NoSQL imodeli), imigqa iboniswe ngundoqo welolu kunye nedatha ehlelwe kwaye igcinwe ngundoqo. Iikholamu zilungiswe ngumndeni wekholomu.
- Idata yeDokhumenti yaphefumlelwe yiLotus Notes kwaye ifana neendleko zexabiso eliphambili. Imodeli yimiqulu eguqulelwe ngokukodwa eqokelelwa kwezinye iikopi ezixabisekileyo. Amaxwebhu ahleliweyo agcinwe kwifomathi njengeJSON.
- Idatha yeSigrafu sakhiwe ngamanani, ubudlelwane phakathi kwamanqaku kunye neepropati zeendawo. Esikhundleni samatafula emigca kunye neentsika kunye nesakhiwo esiqinileyo seSQL, imodeli yegrafu eguquguqukayo isetyenziselwa ukulinganisa kumashishini amaninzi.
Abadlali abakhulu be-NoSQL
Abadlali abakhulu kwi-NoSQL bavela ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yemibutho eyayifumene nayo. Ezinye zezobuchwepheshe ezinkulu zeNoSQL ziquka:
- I-Dynamo: I- Dynamo yenziwe ngu-Amazon.com kwaye iyona nkcukacha ephezulu kakhulu ye-Key-Value NoSQL. I-Amazon yayidinga i-platform ekhutshwe kakhulu ekhutshwe kwiinkampani zabo ze-e-yorhwebo ukuze zenze i-Dynamo. I-Amazon S3 isebenzisa iDynamo njengendlela yokugcina.
- I-Cassandra: I- Cassandra ivuliwe yi-Facebook kwaye i-database ye-NoSQL ekhompyutheni.
- I-BigTable: I- BigTable i-database ye-Google ekhompyutheni eneenkcukacha. I-Google ivumela ukusetyenziswa kwe-BigTable kodwa kuphela kwiNjini ye-Google App.
- SimpleDB: I- SimpleDB enye i-Amazon database. Isetshenziselwa i-Amazon EC2 ne-S3, inxalenye ye-Amazon Web Services ehlawula iirhafu kuxhomekeke ekusebenziseni.
- I-CouchDB: I- CouchDB kunye ne-MongoDB ziyimithombo yolwazi ekhompyutheni evulekile ye-NoSQL.
- I-Neo4J: I- Neo4j iyi-database yolwazi oluvulekileyo.
Ukufuna iNoSQL
Umbuzo wendlela yokubuza i-database ye-NoSQL yintoni abaninzi abaphuhlisayo abanomdla kuzo. Emva koko, idatha egciniweyo kwi-database enkulu ayenzi nabani na ukulungele ukuba awukwazi ukuyifumana kwaye uyibonise kubasebenzisi bokuphela okanye iinkonzo zewebhu. I-NoSQL yolwazi ayinikezeli ulwimi oluphakamileyo lwemibuzo efana ne-SQL. Esikhundleni saloo ndlela, ukucaphula ezi nkcukacha ziyimodeli ethile.
Uninzi lweziqwenga ze-NoSQL zivumela ii-interfaces eziphindaphindiweyo kwiedatha. Enye inika i-API yombuzo. Kukho izixhobo zemibuzo ephakamileyo eziye zaphuhliswa ezama ukubuza imibuzo eminingi ye-NoSQL yolwazi. Ezi zixhobo zisebenza ngokubanzi kwisigaba esisodwa seNoSQL. Omnye umzekelo ngu-SPARQL. I-SPARQL iyimfuneko yokuchazwa kwemibuzo eyenzelwe i-graph yolwazi. Nantsi umzekelo we-SPARQL umbuzo ofumana i-URL yeblogi ethile (inceba ye-IBM):
I-PREFIX isonka:
UKUHLOLA? Url
KUSUKA
LAPHO {
Igalelo lomthi: igama elithi "Jon Foobar".
Igalelo lomnxeba: webloglog? url.
}
Ikusasa likaNoSQL
Imibutho eneemfuno ezinkulu zokugcinwa kwedatha zijonge ngokungakumbi kwi-NoSQL. Kubonakala ukuba le ngcamango ayifumananga kakhulu kwimibutho encinci. Kuphando oluqhutywe yiVeki yeeNgcaciso, ama-44% eengcali zezobugcisa ze-IT azizange zive nge-NoSQL. Ukongezelela, i-1% kuphela yabaphenduli baxela ukuba i-NoSQL inxalenye yeqhinga labo. Ngokucacileyo, i-NoSQL inendawo yayo kwihlabathi lethu elixhumeneyo kodwa kuya kufuneka ukuba iqhubeke nokuguquka ukuze ibheno esisininzi esicinga ukuba banakho.