Isifundo 1
Ukuze ukhuseleke ngakumbi kwikompyutha yakho yasekhaya okanye inethwekhi yasekhaya inceda ukuba unalo ulwazi olusisiseko malunga nokuba lusebenza njani ukuze ukwazi ukuqonda oko nantoni na ukuyikhusela. Oku kuya kuba ngowokuqala kwicandelo elincinane leenxalenye ezili-10 ukukunceda ukubonelela ngokugqithiseleyo kwemiqathango kunye neeteknoloji ezisetyenzisiweyo kunye nezinye izicwangciso, amaqhinga, izixhobo kunye nobuchule ongayisebenzisa ukuqinisekisa ukuba ikhompyutheni yakho ikhuselekile.
Okokuqala, ndifuna ukubonelela ngokucacileyo ukuba le migaqo yintoni ukuze xa ufunda malunga nekhowudi enobungozi yakusasazeka kwi- Intanethi kwaye ingena njani kwaye ichaphazele ikhomputer yakho uya kuba nokukwazi ukucacisa imigomo ye-techie kwaye unqume ukuba Oku kukuchaphazela okanye ikhomputer yakho kwaye yiyiphi inyathelo onokuyenza okanye kufuneka uyithathe ukuthintela. KwiNgxenye 1 yale chungechunge siya kubhala iiMikhosi, i-DNS, i-ISP ne-Backbone.
Ixesha lemphathi linokudideka kuba linentsingiselo ezininzi kwihlabathi lekhompyutha. Kusetyenziswa ukuchaza ikhomputha okanye iseva enika amaphepha ewebhu. Kule ngxelo kuthiwa ikhomputha ibamba iwebhusayithi. Umphathi usetyenziselwa ukuchaza iinkampani ezivumela abantu ukuba babelane nge-hardware ye-server kunye noxhumano lwe-intanethi ukwabelana ngale nkonzo kunokuba nganye inkampani okanye umntu ukuba athenge zonke izixhobo zakhe.
Umncedisi kwiimeko zekhomputha kwi-intanethi ichazwa njenganoma iyiphi ikhomputha ene-intanethi ekhoyo kwi-Intanethi. Zonke iikhomputha kwi-Intanethi ziontana. Bonke bangaba njengamaseva okanye njengabaxhasi. Unokusebenzisa i-intanethi kwikhompyutheni yakho ngokulula njengoko ungasebenzisa ikhomputha yakho ukujonga iiwebhu kwii-computer. I-intanethi ayikho enye inethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke yemikhosi ehamba phambili. Ukujongwa ngale ndlela, zonke iikhomputha, okanye imikhosi, kwi-intanethi zilingana.
Umncedisi ngamnye unedilesi ekhethekileyo efana nendlela yokwenza umsebenzi wesitalato. Awuyi kusebenza ukulungisa nje incwadi eya kuJoe Smith. Kufuneka unikezele ngeeditalital-nge-1234 Main Street. Nangona kunjalo, kunokubekho ngaphezulu kwe-1234 Street Street jikelele, ngoko ke kufuneka unikeze isixeko-Anytown. Mhlawumbi kukho uJoe Smith ngo-1234 Main Street kwi-Anytown kumazwe angaphezu kweyodwa-ke kufuneka ukongeze kwidilesi ngokunjalo. Ngale ndlela, inkqubo yeposi iyakwazi ukubuyisela emuva ukufumana i-imeyile kwindawo efanelekileyo. Okokuqala bayifumana kwisimo esifanelekileyo, ngokokuqala kwisixeko esifanelekileyo, ngoko ke ukuya kumntu onikezelweyo wokuhamba kwi-1234 Main Street kwaye ekugqibeleni waya kuJoe Smith.
Kwi-intanethi, oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-IP yakho (i-intanethi yenethiwekhi). Idilesi ye-IP yenziwe ngeebhloko ezine zeenombolo ezintathu phakathi kwe-0 no-255. Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zee-adresi zineenkampani ezahlukeneyo okanye ii-ISP (ababoneleli ngeenkonzo ze-Intanethi). Ngokucacisa idilesi ye-IP ingaxhaswa kwi-host host. Okokuqala iya kumnini wale ndibanisi yee dilesi kwaye ngoko unokucoca kwidilesi ethile ekujoliswe kuyo.
Ndingazibiza ngekhompyutheni yam Ikhompyutha, kodwa akukho ndlela yokuba ndikwazi ukuba bangaphi abanye abantu ababizwa ngokuba yikhompyutheni yam Ikhompyutheni ngoko kungayi kusebenza ukuzama ukuthumela unxibelelwano kwiKhompyutha yam ngaphandle kwanokubamba iileta nje kuJoe Smith ufumane ngokufanelekileyo. Ngezigidi zemikhosi kwi-Intanethi akunakwenzeka ukuba abasebenzisi bakhumbule iidilesi zewebhu nganye okanye umkhosi abafuna ukuthetha nabo nangona kunjalo, ngoko ke inkqubo yenziwa ukuvumela abasebenzisi ukuba bafikelele kumasayithi ngokusebenzisa amagama okulula ukukhumbula.
I-intanethi isebenzisa i- DNS (igama legama lesizinda) ukuguqulela igama kwidilesi yayo ye-IP yangempela ukuhamba ngendlela efanelekileyo yokunxibelelana. Ngokomzekelo, ungangena kwi yahoo.com kwisiphequluli sakho sewebhu. Le ngcaciso ithunyelwa kwiseva ye-DNS ehlola i-database yayo kwaye iguqulela idilesi kwinto efana ne-64.58.79.230 apho iikhomputha ziyakwazi ukuyisebenzisa kwaye zisebenzise ukufumana unxibelelwano kwindawo ejoliswe kuyo.
Amaseva e-DNS asasazeka kwi-Intanethi kunokuba abe nedatha eyodwa, ephakathi. Oku kunceda ukukhusela i-intanethi ngokunganiki enye inqaku lokungaphumeleli elingaphantsi kwayo yonke into. Inceda kwakhona ukukhawuleza ukusetyenziswa nokunciphisa ixesha elithathayo ukuguqulela amagama ngokuhlula umthwalo womsebenzi phakathi kwamaseva amaninzi nokubeka loo mavava emhlabeni jikelele. Ngale ndlela, ufumana idilesi yakho eguqulelwe kwiseva ye-DNS kwiimitha zeendawo zakho olwabelana ngayo kunye nemibhobho engamawaka ambalwa kunokuba unxibelelwano kunye nesigxina se-server esiphakathi kwiplanethi yezigidi zabantu abazama ukuzisebenzisa.
ISP yakho (uMboneleli weNkonzo ye-intanethi) inokwenzeka ukuba ineenkonzo zazo ze-DNS. Ngokuxhomekeke kubukhulu be-ISP banokuba ne-server engaphezulu kwe-DNS kwaye banokuhlakazeka emhlabeni wonke kunye nezizathu ezichazwe ngasentla. I-ISP inezixhobo kunye neyakhe okanye iqeshisa iimilo zoqhagamshelwano ezifunekayo ukuseka ubukho kwi-Intanethi. Ngaloo ndlela, banikezela ukufikelela ngokusebenzisa izixhobo zabo kunye neendlela zonxibelelwano kubasebenzisi bemirhumo.
I-ISP ezinkulu zinayo iikhompyutha eziphambili ze-intanethi ezibhekiselwe kuyo njenge-backbone. Yibone indlela ngendlela intambo yomgudu ehamba ngayo emlonyeni wakho kwaye yenza njengepayipi ephakathi yokunxibelelana kwinkqubo yakho yeentliziyo. Inkqubo yakho yeentlanzi igxina kwiindlela ezincinci de ifike kumntu wokuphela kwesigulane esifana neendlela ze-intanethi zesebe ezivela kwi-backbone ukuya kwi-ISP ezincinci kwaye ekugqibeleni uye phantsi komninimzi ngamnye kumnatha.
Ukuba kukho into eyenzekayo kwenye yeenkampani ezinikezela ngeendlela zokunxibelelana ngee-telecommunications ezenza umgca ongathintekayo zingathintela iindawo ezininzi ze-Intanethi kuba ezininzi ze-ISP ezincinci ezisebenzisa eso sabelo se-backbone ziya kuthinteka ngokunjalo.
Oku kungeniswa kukukuqonda kakuhle indlela i-intanethi ehlelwe ngayo nabanikezeli be-backbone abanikezela ukufikelela kwiinkonzo kwi-ISPs kwaye banikezela ukuba bakwazi ukufikelela kubasebenzisi ngabanye njengawe. Kufuneka kwakhona kukunceda ukuba uqonde indlela ikhompyutha yakho ehambelana ngayo nezigidi zezinye imikhosi kwi-intanethi kwaye indlela inkqubo ye-DNS isetyenziswa ngayo ukuguqulela amagama ahlazi-angesiNgesi kwiidilesi ezinokuhanjiswa kwiindawo ezifanelekileyo. Kwisitementi esilandelayo siza kubhala iTCPIP , iDHCP , NAT kunye nezinye izibhengezo ze-Intanethi ezimnandi.