Ukuthunyelwa kweDatha kwiNethiwekhi ye-IP
Ukuhanjiswa yinkqubo apho iipakethi zedatha zithunyelwa ukusuka kumatshini omnye okanye kwisixhobo (ekuthiwa yi-node) kwelinye kwinethiwekhi kuze kube yilapho sifinyelela khona iindawo zazo.
Xa idatha idluliselwa kwidivaysi enye ukuya kwelinye kwinethiwekhi ye - IP , njenge-intanethi, idatha idilizwe kwiinqununu ezincinci ezibizwa ngamapakethi. Ezi nqununu zithwala, kunye nedatha, inhloko equlethe ulwazi oluninzi olunceda ekuhambeni kwabo ukuya kuyo, njengento enayo kwi mvulophu. Olu lwazi lubandakanya idilesi ze - IP zamashishini ezivela kumthombo nakwindawo yokuya kuyo, amanani epakethi eya kunceda ukuwahlanganisa kwakhona ukuze ufike kwindawo ekuya kuyo, kunye nolunye ulwazi lobuchwepheshe.
Ukuhamba ngokufanayo kufana nokutshintsha (kunye nolunye ulwahlulo lobuchwepheshe, endikuhlangula ngalo). Ukuhamba kwe-IP isebenzisa iidilesi ze-IP ukuhambisa ipakethe ye-IP ukusuka kwimithombo yawo ukuya kwiindawo zayo. I-IP ithatha ukupakisha ipakethi, ngokungafani nokutshintshwa kwesiphaluka.
Indlela yokuSebenza kusebenza
Makhe siqwalasele imeko apho uLi ethuma umyalezo ukusuka kwikhompyutheni yaseTshayina ithumela umyalezo kumatshini kaJo eNew York. I-TCP kunye nezinye iiprotholo zenza umsebenzi wazo nedatha kumatshini weLi; ngoko ithunyelwa kwikhompyutheni yeprotocol ye-IP, apho iipakethi zedatha zifakwe kwiipakethi ze-IP zithunyelwa phezu kwenethiwekhi (intanethi).
Ezi phakethi zedatha kufuneka zidlule kwiindlela ezininzi zokufikelela kwiindawo ezihamba kuzo isiqingatha sehlabathi. Umsebenzi la ma routers ubizwa ngokuba ngumzila. Iipakethi nganye ithatha iidilesi ze-IP yomshini womthombo kunye nendawo yokuya kuyo.
I-routers nganye ephakathi ihlola idilesi ye-IP yepakethi nganye efunyenweyo. Ngokusekelwe kulo, ngamnye uya kuqonda ngokuthe ngqo indlela ekuhambise ngayo ipakethi. Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-router nganye inetafile yokuhamba, apho idatha malunga neendlela zokuhamba ezijikelezayo zigcinwa. Olu datha luquka iindleko ezifakwe ekuthumeleleni ipakethi ngokubhekiselele kuloo node engumakhelwane. Iindleko zihambelana neemfuno zenethiwekhi kunye nezibonelelo ezinqongophala. Iinkcukacha ezivela kule tafile ziqwalaselwa kwaye zisetyenziselwa ukugqiba indlela engcono yokuyithatha, okanye i-node esebenzayo yokuthumela iipakethi ukuya kwindlela eya kuyo.
Iipakethi zihamba nganye ngendlela yazo, kwaye ziyakwazi ukuhamba kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo kwaye zithathe iindlela ezahlukeneyo. Zonke zigqitywa ngokuya kumashini omnye.
Xa ufikelela kumatshini kaJo, idilesi yokuya kuyo kunye nedilesi yomatshini iya kufana. Iipakethi ziya kugqitywa ngumshini, apho imodyuli ye-IP kuyo iya kuphinda ihlangane nayo iphinde ithumele idatha echaphazelekayo ngasentla kwiNkonzo ye-TCP yokuqhubela phambili.
TCP / IP
I-IP isebenza kunye ne- TCP protocol ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukuhanjiswa kuyathembeka, okungekho ipakethi yedatha elahlekileyo, ukuba iyalungelelaniswa kwaye akukho ukulibaziseka okungenangqiqo.
Kwezinye iinkonzo, i-TCP ithathelwa indawo kunye ne-UDP (ipakethi ye-datagram edibeneyo) engabonakali ukuthembeka kokusasazwa kwaye ithumela kuphela amapakethi. Umzekelo, ezinye iinkqubo zeVoIP zisebenzisa i-UDP yeefowuni. Iipakethi ezilahlekileyo zingasichaphazeli umgangatho wefowuni.