Yonke into ofuna ukuyifumana malunga neHTTP
I-HTTP (iProtokholi yokuTshintshiselwa kwe-Hypertext) inikeza umgangatho wenkqubo yenethiwekhi ukuba iziphequluli zewebhu kunye namaseva basebenzise ukunxibelelana. Kulula ukuqaphela oku xa usityelele iwebhusayithi ngoba ibhaliwe ngqo kwi- URL (umzekelo http: // www. ).
Le protocol ifana nabanye abafana neFTP kwizinto ezisetyenziswe yinkqubo yabaxhasi ukucela iifayile ezivela kwiseva ekude. Kwimeko ye-HTTP, ngokuqhelekileyo ibhrawuza yewebhu icela iifayile ze HTML ukusuka kumncedisi wewebhu, ezo ziboniswa kwisiphequluli ngokubhaliweyo, imifanekiso, ii-hyperlink, njl.
I-HTTP yinto ebizwa ngokuba yi-"systemless system". Oko kuthetha ukuthini ngokungafani nezinye iifayile zokudlulisa iifayile ezifana ne- FTP , uxhulumaniso lwe-HTTP luye lwachithwa xa kwenziwe isicelo. Ngoko, xa isiqulathi sakho sewebhu sithumela isicelo kwaye umncedisi uphendula ngephepha, uxhumano luvaliwe.
Ekubeni uninzi lwewebhu lugqithiseli lwe-HTTP, unokuthayipha igama le-domain kwaye unesiqulathi-gcwalisa ngokuzenzekelayo inxalenye ethi "http: //".
Imbali yeHTTP
UTim Berners-Lee wadala i-HTTP yokuqala ekuqaleni kwee-1990 njengenxalenye yomsebenzi wakhe ekucaciseni iWebhusayithi yeWebhu yehlabathi . Iinguqulelo ezintathu eziphambili zazisetyenziswa ngokubanzi phakathi kwama-1990:
- I-HTTP 0.9 (ukuxhasa amaxwebhu e-hypertext osisiseko)
- I-HTTP 1.0 (izandiso zokuxhasa iiwebhusayithi ezizityebi kunye nokusabalalisa)
- I-HTTP 1.1 (eyenzelwe ukulungisa ukulinganiselwa komsebenzi we-HTTP 1.0, ecaciswe kwi-Inthanethi RFC 2068)
Inguqu yakutshanje, i-HTTP 2.0, yaba ngumgangatho ovunyiweyo ngo-2015. Iya kugcina ukuhambelana ne-HTTP 1.1 kodwa inikeza ukuphuculwa kokusebenza okongeziweyo.
Nangona i-HTTP efanelekileyo ingafaki ukuthunyelwa kwetransport phezu komnatha, umgangatho we-HTTPS uphuhlisiwe ukongeza ukubethela kwi-HTTP ngokusebenzisa (kwasekuqaleni) I- Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) okanye (kamva) Ukhuseleko lweTawulo lwezothutho (TLS).
Indlela iHTTP isebenza ngayo
I-HTTP ngumgaqo-nkqubo wesalathisi wesicelo esakhiwe phezulu kwe- TCP esebenzisa imodeli yokunxibelelana nabaxhasi . Iikhomputha ze-HTTP kunye neeseva ziqhagamshelana ngesicelo se-HTTP nemilayezo yokuphendula. Iintlobo ezintathu zentetho yomyalezo we-HTTP yi-GET, POST, kunye ne-HEAD.
- Imiyalezo ye-HTTP GET ithunyelwe kumncedisi iqulethe i- URL kuphela . I-Zero okanye ezinye iiparameters zedatha ezikhethiweyo zingafakwa kwi-URL. Umncedisi wenza iinkqubo ezikhethiweyo zedatha ye-URL, ukuba ikhona kwaye ibuyisela umphumo (iphepha lewebhu okanye iqela lephepha lewebhu) kwi-browser.
- Imiyalezo ye-HTTP ye-POST ibeka iiparameters zedatha ezikhethiweyo kumzimba womyalezo wesicelo kunokuba uyongezelele ekupheleni kwe-URL.
- Isicelo se- HTTP HEAD sisebenza ngokufanayo nezicelo ze-GET. Esikhundleni sokuphendula ngokubhaliweyo okupheleleyo kwe-URL, umncedisi uthumela kuphela ulwazi lwenkcazelo (equkethwe ngaphakathi kwiphepha le-HTML).
Umqulathi uqalisa uxhulumaniso kunye ne-HTTP iseva ngokuqalisa uxhumano lwe-TCP kumncedisi. Iiseshoni zokukhangela iWebhsayithi zisebenzisa i-port port 80 nge-default nangona ezinye ii-8080 ngamanye amaxesha zisetyenziswa.
Xa iseshoni isungulwe, umsebenzisi ubangela ukuthumela nokufumana imiyalezo ye-HTTP ngokuvakashela iphepha lewebhu.
Imiba eneHTTP
Imilayezo edluliselwa kwi-HTTP ingahluleka ukuhanjiswa ngempumelelo ngezizathu ezininzi:
- mpazamo yomsebenzisi
- ukungasebenzi kwe-web browser okanye server web
- iimpazamo ekudalweni kwamaphepha ewebhu
- izitenxo zenethiwekhi zesikhashana
Xa ezi ntsilelo zenzeke, umgaqo-nkqubo uthatha isizathu sokungaphumeleli (ukuba kunokwenzeka) kwaye ibika ikhowudi yephutha kwakhona kwisikhangeli-skrini esibizwa ngokuba ngumgca we- HTTP / linekhodi . Iiphoso ziqala ngenani elithile ukubonisa ukuba luphi uhlobo lwephutha.
Umzekelo, iziphene ze-4xx zibonisa ukuba isicelo sekhasi asikwazi ukuzaliswa ngokufanelekileyo okanye ukuba isicelo siqulethe i- syntax engalunganga. Ngokomzekelo, iziphene ezingama-404 zithetha ukuba iphepha alifumaneki; ezinye iiwebhsayithi zinezipho ezingamaphepha angama- 404 .