Ukudibanisa izicwangciso zomzimba womnatha wekhomputha ngokwayo akunako ukwenza ukuba izixhobo ezixhunyiwe kumsebenzi zifuna indlela yokunxibelelana. Ezi ilwimi zonxibelelwano zibizwa ngokuba yiinkqubo zomnatha .
Injongo yeeNkqubo zoNxibelelwano
Ngaphandle kweziprotoksi, iifowuni zazingenako ukuqonda izibonakaliso zekhompyutha ezizithumelayo ngaphaya koxhumo lwenethiwekhi. Iiprosoft protocol zikhonza le mi sebenzi ebalulekileyo:
- idilesi yedatha kummkeli ochanekileyo (s)
- ukudlulisa idatha esuka kumthombo ukuya kwindawo, kunye nokukhuselwa kokukhuseleko xa kuyimfuneko
- fumana imiyalezo kwaye uthumele iimpendulo ngokufanelekileyo
Cinga ukuthelekiswa phakathi kweendlela zokunxibelelana kunye neendlela zeenkonzo zeposi ezisebenza ngayo iposi leposi. Kanye njengoko inkonzo yeposi ilawula iileta ezivela kwimithombo yamanzi kunye neendawo, ukwenzela ukwenza iiprotokholi zentengiso kugcina idatha ehamba ngeendlela ezininzi ngokuqhubekayo. Nangona kunjalo, iiprosoft protocols inikezela ngamandla athile afana nokuhambisa ukuhamba kwemilayezo kwenye indawo (ebizwa ngokuba yi- intanethi ) kwaye ngokuzenzekelayo wenze iikopi zomyalezo kwaye uyithumele kwiindawo ezininzi ngokukhawuleza (ezibizwa ngokuthi ukusasazwa ).
Iintlobo eziqhelekileyo zeeNkqubo zoNxibelelwano
Akukho mgaqo-nkqubo okhoyo oxhasa zonke iindidi zonke iintlobo zenethiwekhi zeemodare. Zininzi iintlobo ezahlukileyo zeenkqubo zokunxibelelana eziye zaqulunqwa ngaphezu kweminyaka, ngasinye sizama ukuxhasa iintlobo ezithile zokunxibelelana kwenethiwekhi. Iziganeko ezintathu ezisisiseko ezahlula uhlobo olulodwa lweprotocol evela kwelinye:
1. i- simplex vs. i-duplex . Unxibelelwano lwe-simplex luvumela kuphela enye ifowuni ukuba idlulisele kwinethiwekhi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuxhunywa kwenethiwekhi ye-duplex kuvumela ukuba iidivaysi zombini zithumele kwaye zithole idatha kwisixhumanisi esifanayo.
2. uxhomekeke kumxhasi okanye ungenaxhunyiwe . I-intanethi ye-intanethi ye-intanethi (inkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi- handshake ) idilesi yolwazi phakathi kwezixhobo ezimbini ezivumela ukuba baqhube incoko (ebizwa ngokuba yiseseshoni ) kunye nomnye. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iiprotokholi ezingaxhunyiwe kwiinkcukacha zihambisa imiyalezo nganye ukusuka kwinqanaba elinye ukuya kwelinye ngaphandle kokuqwalasela nayiphi na imilayezo efana nayo ethunyelwe ngaphambili okanye emva kwayo (kwaye ngaphandle kokwazi ukuba imilayezo ifumaneke ngempumelelo).
3. uluhlu . Iiprotokholi zenethiwekhi ngokuqhelekileyo zisebenza kunye ngamaqela (abizwa ngokuba zizitye ngenxa yokuba imifanekiso idla ngokubonisa iiprotocols njengeebhokisi ezixutywe phezulu phezulu). Ezinye iiprotoksi zisebenza kumacandaphantsi ahambelana ngokuthe ngqo kwindlela iintlobo ezahlukileyo zekhenkethi ezingenakucingo okanye zenethiwekhi ezisebenza ngayo. Abanye basebenza kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ezixhomekeke kwindlela izicelo zentsebenziswano zisebenza ngayo, kwaye ezinye zisebenza kumacandelo aphakathi phakathi.
I-Intanethi yoLuntu kwiNtsapho
Iiprotokholi eziqhelekileyo zeteknoloji ekusebenziseni uluntu zivela kwiNtsholongwane ye- Intanethi ye-Intanethi (IP) . I-IP yona ngokwayo iprotokholi ebalulekileyo eyenza ikhaya kunye namanye amanxibelelwano asekuhlaleni kwi-intanethi ukuthetha nabanye.
I-IP isebenza kakuhle ngokuhambisa imiyalezo evela kumnatha omnye ukuya kwelinye kodwa ayiyixhasi ingcamango yengxoxo (uxhulumaniso apho umyalezo wemilawu uhamba khona enye okanye zombini izikhokelo). I- Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) yandisa i-IP kunye nololuhlu oluphezulu, kwaye kuba ukudibanisa kwinqanaba le-intanethi kubaluleke kakhulu kwi-intanethi, iiprotoksi ezimbini zihlala zidibene kunye kunye zaziwa njengeTCP / IP.
Zombili i-TCP kunye ne-IP isebenza kwimigangatho ephakathi kwenkqubo yokulandelwa kwenethiwekhi. Izicelo ezigqithiseleyo kwi-intanethi ziye zasebenzisa iiprotokholi zazo ngaphezulu kweTCP / IP. Iprotocol yokuTshintshiselwa kwe-HyperText (HTTP) isetyenziselwa izikhangeli zewebhu kunye namaseva emhlabeni jikelele. I-TCP / IP, kwakhona, isebenza phezulu kwezobuchwepheshe beekhnoloji ezincinci ezinjenge- Ethernet . Ezinye iiprotokholi ezixhamlayo zenethiwekhi kwintsapho ye-IP ziquka i- ARP , ICMP , kunye ne- FTP .
Iiprototic Network zisebenzisa njani iiPakethe
I-intanethi kunye namanye amanethiwekhi amanethiwekhi asebenza ngokuhlela idatha kwiingcambu ezincinci ezibizwa ngeepakethi . Ukuphucula ukusebenza kunye nokuthembeka, umyalezo ngamnye omkhulu othunyelwe phakathi kwezixhobo zombini zombini udlalwa kwiipakethe ezincinci nge-hardware kunye nesofthiwe. Ezi zixhumo zokupakisha iipakethi zifuna iipakethi ukuba ziququzelelwe ngeendlela ezithile ngokulandela iinkqubo ezixhasayo. Le ndlela isebenza kakuhle ngeteknoloji yamanethiwekhi anamhlanje njengoko zonke ziphethe idatha ngendlela yeebits kunye ne -tes (idijithali '1 kunye ne' 0s ').
Inkqubo nganye yenethiwekhi ichaza imigaqo yendlela iipakethi zeedatha zayo ezihlelwe ngayo (ezifomathiweyo). Ngenxa yokuba iiprotokholi njenge-Intanethi ye-intanethi zihlala zisebenzisana kunye kweziqendu, ezinye iinkcukacha ezifakwe ngaphakathi kwipakethi efomelwe enye protocol ingaba kwifom yezinye iinkqubo ezihambelanayo (indlela ebizwa ngokuba yi- encapsulation ).
Iiprotoksi zihlula iipakethi nganye kwiindawo ezintathu- intloko , ukulayishwa kwerhafu kunye neenyawo . (Ezinye iiprotokholi, njenge-IP, musa ukusebenzisa iinyawo.) Iipakethe zepakethe kunye neenyawo zineenkcukacha zenkcazelo ezifunekayo ukuze zixhase inethwekhi, kubandakanywa needilesi zokuthumela kunye nokufumana iifowuni, ngelixa ukulayishwa kweefayili ziqulethe idatha ekhoyo. Iintloko okanye iinyawo kaninzi ziquka idatha ekhethekileyo ekuncedeni ukuphucula ukuthembeka kunye nokusebenza koxhumo lwenethwekhi, njengezinto zokubala ezigcina umkhondo womyalelo apho uthunyelwa khona imiyalezo kunye nee- checksums ezikunceda izicelo zethungelwano ukufumana urhwaphilizo lweedatha okanye ukuphazamisa.
Indlela Amadivaysi enethiwekhi asebenzisa ngayo iiProtocols
Iinkqubo zokusebenza zezixhobo zonxibelelwano ziquka ukuxhaswa kwangaphakathi kwimiqathango ethile yee-network protocol. Zonke iinkqubo zokusebenza zekhompyutheni zekhompyutha zangoku zixhasa i-Ethernet kunye ne-TCP / IP, umzekelo, ngelixa ezininzi ii-smartphones zixhasa i- Bluetooth kunye neprotocol ukusuka kwi-Wi-Fi. Ezi protocols ekugqibeleni zidibanisa kwi-interfaces yenethiwekhi yecandelo, njengamachwep e- Ethernet kunye ne-Wi-Fi okanye ii-Bluetooth.
Izicelo zenethiwekhi, kwakhona, zixhasa iinkqubo eziphakamileyo zamanqanaba ezithetha kwinkqubo yokusebenza. Umzekelo wesiphequluli sewebhu, umzekelo, unako ukuguqula iidilesi ezifana ne- http: // / kwiipakethi ze-HTTP eziqulethe iinkcukacha eziyimfuneko ukuba iseva yeWebhs iyakwazi ukuyifumana kwaye ibuyisele kwakhona iphepha elifanelekileyo lewebhu. Isixhobo sokufumana sinoxanduva lokubuyisela kwakhona iipakethi nganye kumyalezo oyisiqalo, ngokucima iintloko kunye neenyawo kunye nokubeka iipakethi ngokulandelelana ngokuchanekileyo.