Ziziphi iiSpredishithi zamaSpredishment?
IiWebhsayithi ziqulethwe ngamanani amanani, kuquka imifanekiso, itekisi kunye namaxwebhu ahlukeneyo. La maxwebhu awabandakanyi nje kuphela anokuthi axhunyiwe kumaphepha ahlukeneyo, afana neefayile zePaul, kodwa kunye namaxwebhu asetshenziselwa ukwakha amaphepha ngokwalo, njengamaxwebhu e-HTML ukuchonga isakhiwo sephepha kunye neCSS (i-Cascading Style Sheet) ukunyanzelisa ukubonakala kwiphepha. Eli nqaku liza kuphinda lihlasele kwi-CSS, libandakanya oko kukuthi kwaye lisetyenziswa kuphi kumawebhusayithi namhlanje.
I-CSS History Lesson
I-CSS yaqala ukuphuhliswa ngo-1997 njengendlela yabathuthukisi bewebhu ukuchaza ukubonakala kwamehlo ewebhu abenzile. Kwakujoliswe ukuvumela abaqeqeshi bewebhu ukuba bahlule umxholo kunye nesakhiwo sekhowudi yewebhu kwizinto ezibonakalayo, into eyayingenakwenzeka ngaphambi kweli xesha.
Ukwahlukana kwesakhiwo kunye nesitayela kuvumela i-HTML ukwenza imisebenzi engaphezulu eyayisekelwe ekuqaleni-ukukhangela komxholo, ngaphandle kokukhathazeka malunga nokuyila kunye nokubekwa kwephepha ngokwayo, into eyaziwa ngokuba yi "ukujonga nokuziva" kwiphepha.
I-CSS ayifumananga ekuthandeni kude kube ngu-2000, xa iiphequluli zewebhu zaqala ukusebenzisa ngaphezulu kwefonti eyisiseko kunye nemibandela yombala yale yolwimi yolwimi. Namhlanje, zonke iiphequluli zanamhlanje zixhasa yonke iNqanaba le-CSS, ubuninzi beNqanaba le-2 leCSS, kunye neenkalo ezininzi zeCSS Level 3. Njengoko iCSS iqhubeka nokuguquka kwaye izitayela ezintsha ziqaliswa, iziphequluli zewebhu ziqalise ukuphumeza iimodyuli ezizisa inkxaso entsha yeCSS kulezo zikhupheli kwaye zinike abaqulunqi bewebhu amathuluzi anamandla amatye okusebenza kunye nawo.
Kwiminyaka emininzi edlulileyo, kukho abakheli bewebhu abenqwenela ukusebenzisa i-CSS yoyilo nokuphuhliswa kwamawebhsayithi, kodwa loo mkhuba iphela kodwa isuka kweli shishini namhlanje. I-CSS yindlela esemgangathweni esetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi-design yewebhu kwaye uza kuba nzima ukuba ufumane nabani na osebenzayo kumashishini namhlanje abangenalo ubuncinane ukuqonda okubalulekileyo lwalwimi.
I-CSS yiNgqungquthela
Njengoko kushiwo ngaphambili, igama elithi CSS libhekisela kwi "I-Shecading Style Sheet." Masiqhekeze eli binzana ngaphantsi kokucacisa ngokucacileyo ukuba zeziphi na ezi maxwebhu.
Igama elithi "ishidi lomfanekiso" libhekisela kumqulu ngokwawo (njenge HTML, iifayile ze-CSS zinyani nje amaxwebhu obhaliweyo angalungiswa ngeenkqubo ezahlukeneyo). Amaphepha amaphepha asetshenzisiweyo asetyenziswe ukuyila ixwebhu iminyaka emininzi. Zizo iinkcukacha zobuchwephetshana bokusekwa, nokuba ziprinta okanye zikhompyutheni. Abaqulunqi beprinta baye basebenzisa ama-style sheet ukuze baqinisekise ukuba iimveliso zabo ziprintwe ngqo kwiinkcukacha zabo. Ishidi lomxholo wephepha lewebhu lisebenza ngenjongo efanayo, kodwa kunye nokusebenza okongeziweyo kokuxelela isiphequluli sewebhu ukuba kunikezelwe njani uxwebhu. Namhlanje, iifayile ze-CSS zingasebenzisa nemibuzo yemidiya ukutshintsha indlela iphepha elijonga ngayo amacebo ahlukeneyo kunye nobukhulu bekrini . Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kuba ivumela idokhumenti enye ye-HTML ukuba yenziwe ngokuhlukileyo ngokubhekisele kwesikrini esetyenziselwa ukuyifumana.
I-cascade yinxalenye ekhethekileyo yegama elithi "ifowuni yokuhamba kwinqanaba". Ifayile yefayile yewebhu ijoliswe ukuba ihlasele uchungechunge lwezitayela kwiphepha, njengomlambo phezu kwempompo yamanzi. Amanzi emlanjeni ahlasela onke amatye emanzini yamanzi, kodwa kuphela aphantsi achaphazela ngqo apho amanzi aya kuhamba khona. Kwakunjalo nangokwenyuka kwimiqulu yamaphepha ewebhusayithi.
Iphepha ngalinye lewebhu lichaphazeleka ubuncinane kwiphepha lesitayela, nokuba ngaba umyili wewebhu akenzi naziphi na izitayela. Eli phetshana lesitayela yileta yesitayela yomsebenzisi- eyaziwayo njengeendlela ezizenzekelayo eziza kusebenzisa umbonisi wewebhu ukubonisa iphepha xa kungekho minye imiyalelo enikezelwayo. Umzekelo, ngokuzenzekelayo ii-hyperlink zibhalwe ngokuluhlaza kwaye zigciniwe. Ezi zitayela zivela kwishidi lomshicileli wewebhu. Ukuba umyili wewebhu ubonelela ngeminye imiyalelo, nangona kunjalo, umkhangeli-mbuzo uza kufuneka ukwazi ukuba yiyiphi imigaqo ehamba phambili. Zonke iiphequluli zineendlela ezizenzekelayo, kodwa ezininzi zezo mpawu (ezifana nezikhonkco zetekisi eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka) zikwabelwana kuzo zonke okanye ezininzi iincwadi kunye neziguqulelo ezinkulu.
Ngomnye umzekelo wesiphequluli esingagqibekanga, kwisiphequluli sewebhu, umgca we-default "i- Times New Roman " iboniswe ngongqinisiso 16. Cishe akukho namaphepha endivakatyelayo kubonakaliso kwintsapho leyo kunye nobukhulu, nangona kunjalo. Oku kungenxa yokuba i-cascade ichaza ukuba iifestile zesibini, ezibekwe ngabaqulunqi ngokwabo, ukuhlaziya kwakhona ubungakanani befonti kunye neentsapho, ngaphezu kweefayile ze-web browser. Nawaphi na amaxwebhu omshicilelo owenzayo kwiphepha lewebhu liza kuba neenkcukacha ezithe ngqo kuneendlela ezizenzekelayo zesibhrawuzi, ngoko ke ezo ziphene ziya kusebenza kuphela ukuba ishidi lakho lesitayela lingabi ngaphezu kwazo. Ukuba ufuna iinqununu zibe ziluhlaza okomvu kwaye zicatshulwa, akudingeki wenze nantoni na oko kukungagqibekanga, kodwa ukuba ifayili yakho ye-CSS yesayithi ithi izixhumanisi mazibe ziluhlaza, loo mbala uza kuluhlula ngokugqithiseleyo okwesibhakabhaka. Umgca wezantsi uzakuhlala kulo mzekelo, kuba awuzange ucacise ngenye indlela.
Uphi iCSS esetyenziswayo?
I-CSS ingasetyenziselwa ukuchaza indlela amawebhsayithi afanele ajonge ngayo xa ejongwa kwamanye amajelo kunokuba isiphequluli sewebhu. Umzekelo, unokwenza ishidi lomshicileli wokushicilela oza kuchaza indlela iphepha lewebhu elifuneka liprinte ngayo. Ngenxa yokuba izinto zephepha lewebhu zifana neefowuni zokuhamba okanye iifom zewebhu aziyi kuba nenjongo kwiphepha eliprintiweyo, ifayile yokuPrinta ingasetyenziselwa "ukucima" ezo ndawo xa iphepha liprintwe. Nangona kungeyona into eqhelekileyo kwiindawo ezininzi, ukhetho lokudala amashidi okushicilela lunamandla kwaye lunqwenela (kumava am - abaninzi abaqeqeshi bewebhu abenzi oko kuphela ngenxa yokuba uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali aluyikubiza ukuba lo msebenzi owongezelelweyo uyenze ).
Kutheni iCSS ibalulekileyo?
I-CSS yenye yezona zixhobo ezinamandla kunazo zonke i-web designer ingakwazi ukufunda ngoba nayo inokuchaphazela yonke into ebonakalayo yewebhusayithi. Iimakhishithi ezibhalwe kakuhle ziyakwazi ukuhlaziywa ngokukhawuleza kwaye zivumele izayithi ukuba zitshintshe izinto ezibalulekileyo ezibonakalayo kwisikrini, ezibonisa ukuba zixabiso kwaye zigxininise kwiindwendwe, ngaphandle kweenguqu ezifunekayo zenziwe kwi-HTML markup.
Umngeni oyintloko mngeni weCSS kukuba kuncinane ukufunda - kunye neziphequluli eziguqula imihla ngemihla, oko kusebenza kakuhle namhlanje kungenangqondo ngengomso njengoko izitayela ezintsha zixhaswa kwaye abanye behla okanye bangabikho ngenxa yesizathu esinye okanye esinye .
Ngenxa yokuba i-CSS inokuthi ihlasele kwaye idibanise, kwaye icinga ukuba iifrikhthi ezahlukeneyo zingayichaza njani kwaye ziphumeze izikhokelo ezahlukeneyo, i-CSS inokuba nzima kunokuba i-HTML ecacileyo ikwazi ukuyiqonda. I-CSS iguqula kwakhona kwiiphequluli ngendlela i-HTML ayiyiyo. Xa uqala ukusebenzisa i-CSS, kunjalo, uya kubona ukuba ukukhangela amandla okushicilela izitayela kuzokunika ukuguquguquka okungaqinisekanga kwindlela obeka ngayo iphepha lewebhu kwaye uchaze ukubonakala kwazo nokuziva. Ngendlela, uya kuhlawula "isikhwama seengcinga" zezindlela kunye neendlela ezisebenzele zona ngaphambili kwaye ungabuyela kwakhona njengoko wakha amaphepha ewebhu ezintsha kwixesha elizayo.
Inqaku loqobo loJennifer Krynin. Ehlelwe nguJeremy Girard ngomhla wesi-7 / 5/17,