Uninzi lweekhnoloji zokudluliselwa kwedatha zeteknoloji zisebenzisa iipakethi ukuhambisa idatha esuka kwisixhobo somthombo kwisixhobo sokuya kwindawo. Iprotocol ye-IP ayikho into ehlukile. Iipakethi ze-IP zizinto ezibalulekileyo kunye neziphambili zeprotocol. Zizo zakhiwo ezithwala idatha ngexesha lokuhambisa. Kwakhona unesihloko esineenkcukacha ezibanceda ukuba bafumane indlela yabo kwaye babuyisane emva kokuhambisa.
Imisebenzi emibini ephambili yeprotocol ye - IP ihamba kunye nokulungisa . Ukuhambisa iipakethi ukuya kunye nokusukela kumashishini kwinethiwekhi, i-IP (iProtokholi ye-Intanethi) isebenzisa idilesi ze-IP eziqhutyelwa kunye namapakethi.
Ulwazi olubanzi kwiipakethe ze-IP
Inkcazo emfutshane emfanekisweni inentsingiselo eyaneleyo kukunika ingcamango yomsebenzi wezinto eziphezulu. Nangona kunjalo, abanye abanako ukucaca:
- Ithegi yokuchonga isetyenziselwa ukukunceda kwakhona ukupakisha ipakethi kwiinqununu ezinokugqibela. Xa idatha ithunyelwa phezu kwenethiwekhi, idilizwe ibe ngamacandelo amancinci avulelwe kule mapakethi. IP amanethiwekhi, afana ne-intanethi, ayisoloko ekhuselekile, ngoko amapakethi angalahleka, anokulibaziseka, kwaye angakwazi ukufika ngendlela engafanelekanga. Xa befika kwindawo ekuya kuyo, itekisi yokuchonga inceda ukuchonga ipakethi kunye nokubuyisela kwakhona idatha kwifomu yayo yasekuqaleni.
- Iflegi ehlukileyo ichaza ukuba iipakethe zingahlukana okanye cha.
- Iqhekeza le-offset yintsimi yokuchonga ukuba yeyiphi idibanti eli qhotyoshelwe kuyo.
- Isikhathi sokuPhila (TTL) yinkalo ebonisa ukuba zininzi iimbophu (i-router passes) ipakethe inokwenza ngaphambi kokuba ife. Ngokuqhelekileyo, kwi-router nganye, iipakethe ihlalutyiweyo kwaye isekelwe kwimiba ekhoyo kule routra kwezinye iir router ezakhelene nabo, kukhethwa ukhetho malunga nendlela efanelekileyo ngayo. Iphakheji iyakuthunyelwa kuloo router elandelayo. Kulo miselo, ipakethi ingahamba ijikeleze. Kukho umkhukula njengenye indlela, oku kuthetha ukuthumela ikopi yepakethi kumzila ngamnye wommelwane; ngoko kuphela umatshini ojoliswe kuwo osebenzisa ipakethi. Ezinye iipakethi ziya kuhlala zihamba. I-TTL inomboro, ngokuqhelekileyo i-255, eyanciphisa ixesha ngalinye ipakethe idlula i-router. Ngale ndlela, iipakethi ezingapheliyo ziya kugcina zifa xa i-TTL ifinyelela kwi-zero.
- I- header checksum iyinombolo esetyenziselwa ukufumanisa impazamo nokulungiswa ngexesha lokuthunyelwa kwepakethe. Idata kwipakethi ifakwe kwinqanaba le-algorithm ebonisa izibalo, ezithunyelwa kunye nedatha kwipakethi. Emva kokwamkelwa, esi sibalo sibalwa kwakhona sisisebenzisa i-algorithm efanayo. Ukuba iyafana nesixa-mali sokuqala, idatha ilungile, mhlawumbi ithathwa njengonakele kwaye ipakethe ilahliwe.
- Umrhumo wokuhlawula owenziweyo kwedatha. Qaphela ukuba umrhumo weedatha unokufikelela kuma-KiloByte angama-64, owona mkhulu xa kuthelekiswa nobungakanani bits header.