Iikhomputha zekhompyutha zivela kwiindlela ezininzi: amanethwekhi asekhaya, amanethiwekhi, kunye ne-intanethi yimimiselo emithathu eqhelekileyo. Amadivaysi angasebenzisa nayiphi na indlela eyahlukeneyo yokuxhuma kule (kunye nezinye iintlobo). Iintlobo ezisisiseko ezisisiseko zokunxibelelana kwenethiwekhi zikhoyo:
- Ukuqhagamshelana kwendawo yokukhomba ukuya kwinqanaba kuvumela idivaysi enye ukuthetha ngokuthe ngqo kunye nesinye isixhobo. Ngokomzekelo, iifowuni ezimbini zingadibana kunye nokwabelana ngolwazi lomnxeba okanye imifanekiso.
- Ukunxibelelana / ukuxhamla kwi- multicast kuvumela idivaysi ukuba ithumele umyalezo omnye kwi-network kwaye ikopi zalo myalezo zihanjiswe kubamkeli abaninzi
- Unxibelelwano lwe- Multipoint luvumela idivaysi enye ukuba idibanise ngqo kwaye ihambise imiyalezo kwiinkcukacha ezininzi ngokufanayo.
Ayikho yonkxaso yonxibelelwano yezobuchwepheshe ezenza zonke iintlobo zonxibelelwano. I-Ethernet links, umzekelo, inkxaso yokusasazwa, kodwa i- IPv6 ayikho. Amacandelo angezantsi achaza iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zoxhulumaniso ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kumanethiwekhi namhlanje.
I-Intanethi ye-Broadband Internet
I- broadband yegama lingathetha izinto ezininzi, kodwa abathengi abaninzi badibanisa kunye nenkonzo ye-intanethi ye-intanethi efakwe kwindawo ethile. Iinkonzo zangasese emakhaya, izikolo, amashishini kunye neminye imibutho zixhomekeke kwi-intanethi nge-bandband.
Imbali kunye nokusetyenziswa okuqhelekileyo: Iiyunivesithi ezininzi, urhulumente, kunye namaziko abucala abudala ii-key e-Intanethi ngee-1970 nakwe-1980. Ukuqhagamshelana kwezindlu kwi-intanethi kwandula ukuthandwa ngokukhawuleza ngexesha lama-1990 kunye nokuvela kweWebhu yeWide yeWebhu (WWW) . Iinkonzo ze-intanethi ze-intanethi zenziwe ngokugqithiseleyo zibe zizinzile njengemigangatho yamakhaya okuhlala kumazwe athuthukile ngexesha lama-2000, ngokukhawuleza kwanda. Okwangoku, ababoneleli benkonzo ye -Wi-Fi hotspot baqalisa ukusekela inethiwekhi yomhlaba eyahlukeneyo yendawo ebanzi yebhanki kwiindawo zabo ababhalisile ukuba basebenzise. Okongeziweyo - Ngubani odale i-Intanethi?
Ubuchwephesha obalulekileyo: Ubuchwepheshe beNethiwekhi yeDividential Services (ISDN) boNxibelelwano buxhasa ukufikelela kwezwi kunye nedatha kwimizila yefowuni ngaphandle kokufuna imodem. Yona mzekelo wokuqala wezantya eziphezulu (malunga neendlela ezifumanekayo) inkonzo yokufikelela kwi-intanethi kwimarike yomthengi. I-ISDN yehlulekile ukufumana ukuthandwa ngokubanzi ngenxa yokhuphiswano kwi- Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) kunye neenkonzo ze-intanethi ze-intanethi. Ngaphandle kwezi zikhetho ezibandakanya ukukhonkxa, inqwelwana engaxilwanga yombane (ngaphandle kokudideka kunye nenkonzo ebanzi ye-broadband) iinkonzo ezisekelwe kwii-radiowaves radio transmitters. Ukunxibelelana kwinqaba kwintanethi yamaselula kufanelekile njengoluhlobo olusisigxina lwe-wireband system.
Iingxaki: Ukufakela okufakwe kwi-broadband fakthi kufakwe kwindawo enye kwaye ayikhutshwe. Ngenxa yeendleko zeziseko, ukufumaneka kwezi nkonzo ze-intanethi ngamanye amaxesha kuncitshiswa kwiidolophu kunye namadlelo (nangona iinkqubo ezingenasiphelo ezingenazintambo zisebenza ngokufanelekileyo kwimimandla yasemaphandleni). Ukhuphiswano kwiinkonzo ze-Intanethi zibeka uxinzelelo olwandayo kwiinkonzo ezixhasiweyo eziphezulu zokuqhubeka nokuphucula amanethiwekhi kunye neendleko eziphantsi.
Ifowuni
Igama elithi "intanethi ye-intanethi" libhekiselele kwiintlobo ezininzi zeenkonzo ze-intanethi ezingasifumana kwi-intanethi engenazintambo ezivela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo.
Imbali kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo: Iinkonzo zeThala leNkcazo zeTelnne zadalwa ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1990 kunye nee-2000 njengendlela ephakamileyo ephakamileyo kwi-intanethi ye-intanethi. Nangona ezi nkonzo zingenakho ukukhuphisana nokusebenza okuphezulu kwezisombululo ezinokutsha ezisisigxina, ziqhubeka zikhonza iimakethi zasemaphandleni ezingenazo ezinye iindlela ezinokuthenga. Unxibelelwano lwangqangi lwee-cellular network lwalutyebile kakhulu ukuxhasa i-intanethi ye-traffic data kwaye yenzelwe ngokuyinhloko izwi, kodwa ngokuphucula kwizizukulwana ezitsha kuye kwaba yindlela ehamba phambili ye-intanethi ye-intanethi kubaninzi.
Ubuchwephesha obalulekileyo: Amanethiwekhi asetyenziswayo asebenzisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zoqhagamshelwano phakathi kwee- 3G, 4G kunye (ezizayo) iintsapho ze- 5G .
Iingxaki: Ukusebenza kwe-intanethi ye-intanethi ye-intanethi kwimihla engaphantsi kunokuba inikezelwa ngeenkonzo ezinqamlekileyo, kunye neendleko zayo ziphezulu. Ngenxa yokuphucula okukhulu kwintsebenzo kunye neendleko kwiminyaka yamuva, i-intanethi ye-intanethi iye yahlawuleka ngokuthe xaxa kwaye yindlela efanelekileyo yokufikelela kwi-bandband.
I-Intanethi yangasese yangasese (VPN)
Inethwekhi yangasese yangasese (VPN) iqukethe i-hardware, isofthiwe kunye nokudibanisa olufunekayo ukuxhasa uxhulumaniso lwenethiwekhi yomncedisi we- network ekhuselekileyo ngonxibelelwano lwenethiwekhi yoluntu ngokusebenzisa indlela ebizwa ngokuba yi-tunneling.
Imbali kunye nokusetyenziswa okuqhelekileyo: ii-VPN zakhula ekuthandeni ngexesha lama-1990 kunye nokwanda kwe-intanethi kunye kunye neenternet. Amashishini amaninzi afaka i-VPNs yangasese kubaqeshwa babo ukuba basebenzise njengesisombululo sokufikelela kude - ukuxhuma kwi- intranet ye-intanethi ukusuka ekhaya okanye xa behamba ukufikelela kwi-imeyile nakwezinye izicelo zezoshishino zangasese. Iinkonzo zikaRhulumente ze-VPN eziphucula ubumfihlo be-intanethi ngokuxhomekeka komntu kubanikezeli be-intanethi nazo ziyaqhubeka zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi. Iinkonzo ezibizwa ngokuba yi-"international VPN", umzekelo, vumela ababhalisile ukuba bahambe kwi-intanethi ngokusebenzisa amaseva kumazwe ahlukeneyo, ngokugqithisela imingcele yee-geolocation apho ezinye iziza ze-intanethi ziphumeza.
Ubuchwephesha obalulekileyo: iMicrosoft yeWindows isebenzisa iProtokholi yeTin Point to Point (PPTP) njengesisombululo se-VPN esiyintloko. Ezinye izimo zithatha uxolo lwe-Intanethi ye-Intanethi (iPsec) kunye neMigangatho ye- Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP).
Imiba: Iinkonzo zangasese ezizimeleyo zifuna ukulungiswa okukhethekileyo kwicala lomxhasi. Izicwangciso zoxhumo ziyahlukahluka kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeVPN kwaye maziqwalaselwe ngokufanelekileyo ukuze inethwekhi isebenze. Imizamo ehlukileyo yokwenza uxhulumaniso lwe-VPN, okanye ukuxhamla kwamaconsi, ngokuqhelekileyo kuyaqhelekileyo kwaye kunzima ukuxhalabisa.
Ukunxibelelana kwee-intanethi
Ukunxibelelana kwenethwekhi yokudibanisa kwenza uxhulumaniso lwe- TCP / IP kumigangatho yefowuni eqhelekileyo.
Imbali kunye nokusetyenziswa okuqhelekileyo: Ukunxibelelana ngokunxibelelana kwefowuni kwakuyindlela yokuqala yokufikelela kwi-intanethi kumakhaya kuma-1990s nakwiminyaka ye-2000. Amanye amashishini afake kwakhona iinkonzo zangasese zokufikelela ezikude ezivumela abasebenzi babo ukuba bafikelele kwi-intranet yenkampani kwi-intanethi
Ubuchwephesha obalulekileyo: Amadivaysi anokunxibelelana kwee-intanethi zisebenzisa iimodem ze-analog ezibiza iinombolo zomnxeba ezikhethiweyo ukwenzela ukudibanisa nokuthumela okanye ukufumana imiyalezo. Iifayile ze-X.25 ngamanye amaxesha zisetyenziselwa ukudlulisa idatha ukusuka ekudibaniseni ukudibanisa kumgama omde, njengokwenziwa kwekhadi lokuthenga ngetyala okanye iinkqubo zemashishini yemali.
Iingxaki: Ukutyunjwa kwe-dial-up kunika inani elincinci lomthamo womnatha womnatha . Iimodemu ze-Analog, umzekelo, ukuphuma phezulu kumaxabiso angama-56 Kbps . Yatshintshwe nge-intanethi ye-intanethi kwi-Intanethi yasekhaya kwaye iya kukhishwa kancane kwezinye izinto.
Inethiwekhi yendawo yengingqi (LAN)
Abantu badibanisa inethiwekhi yekhompyutha kunye nee-LAN ngaphezu kwanoma yimuphi uhlobo loxhumano lwenethiwekhi. Unxibelelwano lwengingqi luqulethe ukuqokelela kwezixhobo ezikufuphi kunye nomnye (njengendlu okanye isakhiwo seofisi) ezixhunyiwe kwizixhobo zonxibelelwano ezikwabelwanayo (njengama- router roulette okanye iitshintshi zoxhumo ) ukuba izixhobo zisebenzisa ukuthetha kunye kunye kunye namanethiwekhi angaphandle.
Imbali kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo: Amanethiwekhi asekuhlaleni (kunye ne / okanye angenawada) ayenziwa ngokugqithiseleyo ngexesha lama-2000 kunye nokukhula kwee-intanethi. Iiyunivesithi kunye namashishini basebenzisa amanethiwekhi angcingo ngaphambili.
Ubuchwephesha obalulekileyo: ezininzi ze-LAN ezisetyenziswayo ze- Ethernet zisebenzise i- Ethernet ngelixa amanxibelelwano angaphandle angabasebenzisi i-Wi-Fi . Amanethiwekhi asetyenzisiweyo asetyenzisiweyo asetyenziswe i-Ethernet kodwa kunye nezinye iindlela eziquka i- Token Ring ne- FDDI .
Iingxaki: Ukulawula ii-LAN kunokuba nzima kuba zinjongo zesebenzi jikelele ezicwangciselwe ukuxhasa umxube wezixhobo ezahlukeneyo kunye nokuqwalaselwa kwezixhobo (kuquka iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza okanye imigangatho yoxhumo lomnatha). Ngenxa yokuba ubuchwepheshe obuxhasa ii-LANs busebenza kuphela kwimida emide, ukuhanjiswa phakathi kwee-LAN kudinga izixhobo zokuhamba ezongezelelweyo kunye nomgudu wokulawula.
Amanethiwekhi athungelwano
Ukuxhunywa kwenethiwekhi ezinikezelweyo phakathi kwezixhobo ezimbini (ukuba akukho zixhobo ezingabelana ngazo) nazo zibizwa ngokuba zixhumene ngqo. Amanethiwekhi athile ahluke kwiinkonzo zoontanga kwiintanethi zontanga ziqulethe inani elininzi lala macebo apho amaninzi amanxibelelwano enokuthi afike kuyo.
Imbali kunye nokusetyenziswa okuqhelekileyo: Ukuphela kwee-terminals zomsebenzisi ezixhunyaniswe neikhomputha ze-mainframe ngeendlela ezikhethiweyo. Iiprosoft zeWindows zixhasana neenkcukacha ezihambelana nekhebula, eziqhelekileyo zisetyenziselwa ukudlulisela iifayile Kwiintanethi ezingenazintambo, abantu baninzi baxhamla ngqo phakathi kweefowuni ezimbini (okanye ifowuni kunye nefowuni yokuvumelanisa) ukutshintshana ngezithombe kunye nama-movie, ukuphucula iinkonzo, okanye ukudlala imidlalo.
Ubuchwephesha obuphambili: Iipalati eziphambili kunye neentambo zokuhamba ezifanayo zixhasa uxhulumaniso olusisiseko lwentambo ngokuqhelekileyo, nangona le nto iyancipha kakhulu ekusebenziseni imilinganiselo emitsha njenge- USB . Ezinye iikhomputha ze-laptop zanikela ngee- infrared zangasese ezingenazintambo zokudibanisa ngqo phakathi kwemizekelo eyayixhasa iinkcukacha ze-IrDA. I-bluetooth ibonakale njengenqanaba eliphambili le-wireless pairing yeefowuni ngenxa yeendleko zayo eziphantsi kunye nokunciphisa amandla okuphantsi.
Imiba: Ukwenza uxhulumano oluchanekileyo kwiindawo ezide kakhulu kunzima. Ubuninzi bobuchwephesha obungenazintambo, ngokukodwa, kufuna ukuba iifowuni zigcinwe zisondelelene kunye (i-Bluetooth), okanye kumgca-mbono ongenakho ukuphazamiseka (i-infrared).