Intshayelelo kwiiNkcukacha zeMAC

Idilesi ye-Media Access Control (MAC) iyinombolo yebhanari esetyenziselwa ukuchonga ngokucacileyo i- adapter network network adapters . La manani (ngamanye amaxesha abizwa ngokuthi "idilesi zehardware" okanye "idilesi zomzimba") zifakwe kwi-hardware yenethiwekhi ngexesha lokuvelisa, okanye zigcinwe kwi-firmware, kwaye zenzelwe ukuba zingaguquki.

Abanye baphinde babhekisele kubo ngokuthi "idilesi ze-Ethernet" ngezizathu zembali, kodwa iintlobo ezininzi zonxibelelwano zonke zisebenzisa i-MAC addressing kuquka i- Ethernet , i- Wi-Fi kunye ne- Bluetooth .

Ifomathi yekhowudi ye-MAC

Iilesi zeMAC zeMveli ziyididi ezili-12 (6 bytes okanye 48 bits ) iinombolo ze-hexadecimal . Ngendibano, ngokuqhelekileyo kubhalwa kwelinye lala maxwebhu amathathu alandelayo:

Amanani angama-6 asekhohlo (ii-24 bits) ezibizwa ngokuthi "isiqalo" zidibene nomenzi we-adapter. Umthengisi ngamnye ubhalisa kwaye ufumana iziqendu ze-MAC njengoko zinikezelwe yi-IEEE. Abathengisi baninzi banamanani amaninzi amaqhosha anxulumene neemveliso zabo ezahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, iziqendu 00:13:10, 00: 25: 9C kunye no-68: 7F: 74 (kunye nabanye abaninzi) bonke bangabakwa-Linksys ( iCisco Systems ).

Ixabiso elifanelekileyo ledilesi ye-MAC limela inombolo yokuchonga kwisixhobo esithile. Phakathi kwazo zonke izixhobo ezifakwe kwisiqalo esifanayo somthengisi, ngamnye unikezelwa inombolo yakhe ekhethekileyo ye-24-bit. Qaphela ukuba i-hardware evela kubathengisi abahlukeneyo inokwenzeka ukuba yenzeke ukwabelana ngesahlulo esifanayo kwidilesi.

Iileta ze-MAC zee-64

Nangona iilesi zeMAC zemveli zizo zonke ii-bits ezingama-48 ubude, iintlobo ezimbalwa zonxibelelwano zifuna iithalesi ezingama-64. I-ZigBee i- wireless home automation kunye namanye amanxibelelwano afanayo asekelwe kwi-IEEE 802.15.4, umzekelo, kufuna iithalesi ezingama-64 ze-MAC maziqwalaselwe kwiixhobo zazo ze-hardware.

Iikhompyutha ze-TCP / IP ezisekelwe kwi-IPv6 iphinde isebenzise indlela eyahlukileyo yokuthetha iidilesi ze-MAC xa kuthelekiswa ne -IPv4 ephakathi . Esikhundleni see-64-bit bit hardware idilesi, nangona kunjalo, i-IPv6 iguqulela ngokuzenzakalelayo idilesi engama-48 ye-MAC kwidilesi ye-64-bit ngokufakela ixabiso le-FFFE elingu-16 elincinci eliphakathi kweqhosha lomthengisi kunye ne-identifier yecebo. I-IPv6 ibiza la manani "abachongi" ukuba bahlule kwiidilesi zee-hardware eziyi-64.

Umzekelo, idilesi engama-48 ye-MAC idilesi: 25: 96: 12: 34: 34: 56 ibonakala kwinethiwekhi ye-IPv6 njengokuba (ibhalwe ngokubanzi kule nxalenye ezimbini):

I-MAC ngokumalunga ne-Intanethi ye-IP

Amanethiwekhi aseTCP / IP asebenzisa iidilesi ze-MAC kunye nee-IP zamakheli kodwa ngeenjongo ezahlukeneyo. Idilesi ye-MAC igxininise kwi-hardware yesixhobo ngelixa idilesi ye-IP yale fowuni enye ingatshintshwa kuxhomekeka kwi-network TCP / IP yokucwangciswa kwenethiwekhi. Ulawulo lwe-Access Access Control lusebenza kwiCandelo 2 lohlobo lwe- OSI ngelixa iProtokholi ye-intanethi isebenza kwiCandelo 3 . Oku kuvumela i-MAC ukujongana nokuxhasa ezinye iintlobo zamanethiwekhi ngaphandle kweTCP / IP.

IP amanethiwekhi alawula ukuguqulwa phakathi kwee-IP kunye nee- MAC iadesi esebenzisa i- Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) . I- Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) ixhomekeke kwi-ARP ukulawula isabelo esikhethekileyo see- IP kwiiyilesi kumadivayisi.

Ikhonkco yeCAC

Abanye ababoneleli ngeeNkonzo ze-Intanethi baqhagamshela nganye iakhawunti zabo zokuhlala kwamakhasimende kwiiadesi ze-MAC kwikaratha yenethiwekhi yasekhaya (okanye enye idivayisi yesango). Idilesi ebonwa ngumboneli ayitshintshi de ukuba umthengi atshintshe isango labo, njengokufaka i- router entsha . Xa isango lokuhlala liguqulwa , umboneleli we-Intanethi ngoku ubona idilesi eyahlukeneyo ye-MAC ibikwa kwaye ibhloka ukuba intanethi ivela kwi-intanethi.

Inkqubo ebizwa ngokuthi "i-cloning" isombulula le ngxaki ngokunika i-router (isango) ukugcina ingxelo kwi-adware ye-MAC endala kumniki-nkonzo nakuba idilesi yayo ye-hardware ihlukile. Abalawuli bangaqwalasela i-router yabo (becinga ukuba isekela le nkalo, baninzi banokuyenza) ukusebenzisa inketho ye-cloning uze ufake i-MAC idilesi yesango elidala kwiskrini soqwalaselo. Xa i-cloning ayitholakali, umthengi makaqhagamshelane nomnikezeli wesevisi ukuba abhalise idivayisi entsha yesango endaweni yoko.