NAME
umtoliki womyalelo we-sh ( igobolondo )
SYNOPSIS
sh [- / + aCefnuvxIimqsVEbc ] [- o igama elide ] -gama [ kujoliswe ... ]
INKCAZELO
Sh ngumguquleli oqhelekileyo we-system. Inguqu yangoku ye- sh iyinkqubo yokutshintshwa ukuze ihambelane nePOSIX 1003.2 kunye ne-1003.2a iinkcukacha zegobolondo. Le nguqulo inempawu ezininzi ezenza ukuba zibonakale zifana kwezinye iindowuni zeKorn, kodwa akusiyo ikhonkco yegobolondo yeKorn (bona i-ksh (1)). Impawu kuphela ezikhethwe ngu- POSIX kunye nezandiso ezimbalwa ze-Berkeley, zibandakanywa kule ngqobhoko. Silindele ukuba iPOSIX ihambisane nexesha 4.4 i-BSD ikhishwa. Ikhasi lomntu alujoliswanga ukuba lifundiswe okanye uxwebhu olupheleleyo lwegobolondo.
Sibanzi
Igobolondo ngumyalelo ofunda imigca ukusuka kwifayili okanye kwi-terminal, iguqulela, kwaye iqhuba ngokubanzi iminye imiyalelo. Yona inkqubo eqhubayo xa umsebenzisi engena kwinkqubo (nangona umsebenzisi angakhetha ikhebhile ehlukileyo nomyalelo we-chsh (1). Igobolondo isebenzisa ulwimi olunezixhobo zokulawula ukuhamba, isibonelelo esikhulu esinika iinkalo ezahlukeneyo ngokongeza kokugcinwa kwedatha, kunye nokwakhiwa kwimbali kunye nokulungiswa komgca. Iquka ezininzi iimpawu zokuncedisa ukusetyenziswa okusebenzisanayo kwaye kunenzuzo yokuba ulwimi olutolikayo luqhelekileyo kokusetyenziswa kokusetyenziswa kunye nokungabandakanyiyo (iiblothi zeemplothi). Oko kukuthi, imiyalelo ingayibhalwa ngqo kwigobolondo eqhutywayo okanye ingafakwa kwifayile kunye nefayili inokuqhutywa ngqo ngqo ngegobolondo.
Ukucela
Ukuba akukho zixhobo ze-args ezikhoyo kwaye ukuba umgangatho ophezulu wegobolondo uxhunyiwe kwisigxina (okanye ukuba i- flag ikhethiwe), kwaye inketho ye- c ayikho, igobolondo ithathwa njengegobolondo elisebenzayo. Igobolondo elisebenzisanayo ngokubanzi lihamba phambili phambi komyalelo ngamnye kwaye lilawula iiprogram kunye nokuphulaphula iimpazamo ezahlukeneyo (njengoko kuchazwe ngezantsi). Xa uqala kuqala, igobolondo ihlola impikiswano 0, kwaye ukuba iqalisa ngedayibhile `- 'igobolondo ikwajongwa njengegobolongo yokungena. Oku kuqhelekileyo kwenziwa ngokuzenzekelayo yinkqubo xa umsebenzisi kuqala engena. Igobolongo yokungena ngemvume kuqala ifunda imiyalelo kwiifayile / njll / iprofile kunye .profile ukuba zikhona. Ukuba i-variable ye- ENV isetyenziselwa ukungena kwi-shell, okanye isetyenziswe kwisiqulatho selogi yegama lokungena, igobolondo ngokulandelayo ifunda imiyalelo esuka kwifayile ebizwa nge- ENV Ngoko ke, umsebenzisi kufuneka abeke imiyalelo eya kuqhutywa kuphela ukungena ngexesha kwifayile yefayile, kunye nemithetho eyenziwa kuyo yonke igobolondo ngaphakathi kwefayile ye- ENV . Ukusetha ukuguquguquka kwe- ENV kwifayile ethile, faka umgca olandelayo kwiprofayile yakho yasekhaya
ENV = $ HOME / .shinit; thumela i-ENV
ukufaka endaweni ye `` .shinit '' nayiphi na igama lefayile oyifunayo. Ekubeni iifayile ze- ENV zifundwa zonke iimpendulo zegobolondo, kubandakanywa izikripthi zeeklokhthi kunye neebhola ze-shells ezingabonakaliyo, le paradim iluncedo ekunqandeni imiyalelo kwifayili ye- ENV ukucela ukusebenzisana. Beka imiyalelo ngaphakathi kwe `` icala '' kunye `` esac '' ngezantsi (le miyalelo ichazwe kamva):
i-dollar case - kwi * i *)
Imithetho engu-# yokusetyenziswa okusebenzisanayo kuphela
...
esac
Ukuba umgca womgca womyalelo ngaphandle kweendlela ezikhethiweyo zikhethiweyo, ke igobolondo ibamba ingxabano yokuqala njengegama lefayili apho kufuneka ufunde khona imilayezo (i-shell shell), kunye neengxoxo ezisele zibekwe njengemigangatho yemeko yegobolondo (i-$ 1 , I-$ 2, njl). Ngaphandle koko, igobolondo ifunda imiyalelo evela kwi-input standard.
Uludwe lweNkundla yokuCubungula
Zonke iinketho zeleta elilodwa zinegama elifanayo elingasetyenziselwa njengengxabano kwi- o . Igama lokusetyenzwa linikezelwe ngokulandelelana kwileta enye ebhaliweyo kwingcaciso engezantsi. Ukucacisa idash `` - '' iguqula ukhetho, ngelixa usebenzisa i-`` + '' ikhubaza inketho. Ezi zikhetho ezilandelayo zingasetwa kumgca wokulawula okanye ngesethi (1) eyakhelwe (ichazwe kamva).
-i- allexport
Thumela zonke iinguqu ezinikezelweyo. (UKUSEBENZISWA KWE-4.4alpha)
-c
Funda imiyalelo esuka kumgca womyalelo. Akukho mithetho iya kufundwa kwi-input standard.
-C yeeyclobber
Musa ukubhala ngaphezulu iifayili ezikhoyo nge ``> '' (UKUSEBENZISWA KWE-4.4alpha)
-i- errexit
Ukuba awuxubanisi, phuma ngokukhawuleza ukuba umyalelo ongenakufunyanwa ungaphumeleli. Isimo sokuphuma somyalelo siqwalaselwa ukuba sivivinywe ngokucacileyo ukuba umyalelo usetyenziswe ukulawula ukuba i- elif ngexesha okanye kude okanye ukuba umyalelo ungowomsebenzi okhohlo we-`` && '' okanye `` || ''.
-noglob
Khubaza ukwandiswa kwegama lomzila .
-i noexec
Ukuba ayingasebenzi, funda imilayezo kodwa ungawaphumezi. Oku kunceda ukujonga i-syntax yeempendulo zeeblokhi.
-ubizo lwegama
Bhala umyalezo kwisiphelo esifanelekileyo xa uzama ukwandisa iinguqu ezingafakiyo, kwaye ukuba igobolondo ayisebenzisanga, phuma ngokukhawuleza. (UKUSEBENZISWA KWE-4.4alpha)
-v verbose
Igobolondo ibhala igalelo layo kwimpazamo ephantsi njengoko ifundwayo. Usetyenziso lokulungisa.
-x xtrace
Bhala umyalelo ngamnye kwisiphelo esisemgangathweni (esandulelwe '`+ ngaphambi kokuba senziwe.
-q iprofile
Ukuba iinketho ze - v okanye - x zifakiwe, musa ukuzifaka xa ufunda iifayile zokuqalisa, ezi zi / / njll / iphrofayili .profile kunye nefayili echazwe yi- ENV imo.
-ndiyayinayo
Ungayihoyi i-EOF ukusuka kwigalelo xa usebenza.
-i- interactive
Qinisekisa igobolondo ukuba iphathe ngokuthe ngqo.
-m ukujonga
Vula ukulawula umsebenzi (usethe ngokuzenzekelayo xa usebenza).
-Stdin
Funda imiyalelo evela kwi- input standard (setha ngokuzenzekelayo ukuba akukho zizathu zefayile ezikhoyo). Le khetho ayinasiphumo xa isetyenziswe emva kokuba iqokebhe sele iqalile ukusebenza (oko kukuthi isethi (1)).
-V vi
Nika amandla umhleli womgca wemiyalelo eyakhelwe ngaphakathi (1) (ukhubaza i- E ukuba ihleliwe).
-E emacs
Nika amandla umhleli womgca womyalelo (1) womda (okhubazayo- V ukuba usemisiwe).
-b yazise
Nika amandla isaziso esingaqhelekanga sokugqiba umsebenzi wesiqhelo. (UKUSEBENZISWA KWE-4.4alpha)
Ulwakhiwo lweexical
Igobolondo lifunda igalelo ngokwemigca esuka kwifayile kwaye idibanisa ngamazwi kwendawo ye-whitespace (izikhala kunye namathebhu), kunye nokulandelelaniswa ezithile kweempawu ezikhethekileyo kwi-shell ebizwa ngokuthi `` abaqhubi '' Kukho iintlobo ezimbini zabasebenzisi: abaphathi bokulawula kunye nabaqhubi bee-redirection (intsingiselo yabo ichazwe kamva). Ukulandela uluhlu lwabasebenzisi:
"Ukulawula abaqhubi:"
& && (); ;; | ||
"Umqhubi wokubuyisela:"
<>> | << >> <&> & << - <>
Ukucaphula
Ukucaphuna isetyenziselwa ukususa intsingiselo ekhethekileyo yabalinganiswa abathile okanye amagama kwi-shell, njengabaqhubi, i-whitespace, okanye amagama angundoqo. Kukho iintlobo ezintathu zokucaphula: ezihambelana nezicatshulwa ezifanayo, ezihambelana nezicaphuni eziphindwe kabini, kunye nokubuyela emva.
Ukubuya kwakhona
I-backslash igcina intsingiselo yangempela yesiqalo esilandelayo, ngaphandle kwe-Aq entshaline. I-backslash ehamba phambili phambi kwe-Aq entshaline ithathwe njengomgca wokuqhubeka.
Iingcaphuno Zodwa
Ukubhaliweyo kwabalinganiswa kwiicatshulwa ezilondolozayo kugcina intsingiselo yangempela yabo bonke abalinganiswa (ngaphandle kweengcaphuno zodwa, okwenza kube nzima ukubeka icatshulwa elilodwa kumtya owucatshuntshiweyo).
Quotes e zimbini
Iifayile ezifake ngaphakathi kwiingcaphuno eziphindwe kabini zigcina intsingiselo yangempela yazo zonke izidalwa ngaphandle kwe-dollarsign (i-$) emva kwayo (`) kunye nokubuyela emuva (\) Ukubuyiselwa ngaphakathi kwiingcaphuno eziphindwe kabini kwimbali, kwaye isebenza ukucaphula kuphela abalinganiswa abalandelayo:
I $ `\
Ngaphandle koko ihlala ingokoqobo.
Amazwi agcinwe
Amagama agcinwe ngamazwi anentsingiselo ekhethekileyo kwiqokobhe kwaye ayaqatshelwa ekuqaleni komgca kwaye emva komqhubi wolawulo. Ezi zilandelayo amagama alondoloziweyo:
! Ta elif Ta Ta Ta xa ityala
omnye u Ta Ta ke ke Ta {Ta}
Yenza u Ta uze u Ta xa u Ta esac
Ingqalelo yabo ichazwe kamva.
Ukuhlawula
I-alias ligama kunye nexabiso elihambelanayo elisetyenzisiweyo usebenzisa i- alias (1) umyalelo owakhiwe. Naluphi na igama eligcinweyo liza kwenzeka (jonga ngasentla), kwaye emva kokutshekisha amagama angagciniweyo, igobolondo lihlola ilizwi ukuze libone ukuba lihambelana ne-alias. Ukuba yenzayo, ithatha indawo yalo kumgca wokufaka ngexabiso layo. Umzekelo, ukuba kukho i-alias ebizwa ngokuthi `` lf '' kunye nexabiso '`ls -F' 'kwaye igalelo:
lf foobar
iya kuba
ls -F foobar
Izigulane zibonelela ngendlela efanelekileyo yokuba abasebenzisi abanamava badale amancinci kwimithetho ngaphandle kokuba bafunde indlela yokudala imisebenzi ngeengxabano. Zingasetyenziselwa ukudala ikhowudi engafihliyo. Oku kusebenzakala.
Mithetho
Igobolongo liguqulela amagama afundwayo ngokubhekiselele kulwimi, ukuchazwa kwalo ngaphandle kwendawo yale manqaku (bhekisa kwi-BNF kwiphepha le- POSIX 1003.2). Ngona kunjalo, umgca ufundwa kwaye ukuba igama lokuqala lomgca (okanye emva kolawulo lomlawuli) alilona igama eligcinwe, kwaye igobolondo ibone umyalelo olula. Ngaphandle koko, umyalelo onzima okanye omnye wokwakha okhethekileyo unokubonwa.
Imiyalelo elula
Ukuba umyalelo olula uye waqaphela, igobolondo yenza oku kulandelayo:
- Amagama aphezulu kweli fomu `` name = value '' ahlanjululwe kwaye anikwe ummandla womyalelo olula. Abasebenzisi bokubuyisela kunye neengxabano zabo (njengoko kuchazwe ngezantsi) zihluthwe kwaye zigcinwe ukucwangciswa.
- Amagama aseleyo anwetshiwe njengoko kuchaziwe kwicandelo elibizwa ngokuthi `` Expansions '' kunye negama lokuqala elisele libhekwa njengegama lomyalelo kwaye umyalelo ukhona. Amagama aseleyo aqwalaselwa njengeengxoxo zomyalelo. Ukuba akukho igama lomyalelo elibangelwe, ke igama elithi '`name = value' 'izabelo ezichaziweyo ezibonakalayo kwinto 1 zichaphazela igobolondo yangoku.
- Ukulungiswa kwakhona kwenziwa njengoko kuchazwa kwicandelo elilandelayo.
Ukulungiswa kwakhona
Ukulungiswa kwakhona kusetyenziselwa ukutshintsha apho umyalelo ufunda khona ingeniso okanye uthumela umphumo wayo. Ngokubanzi, ukulungiswa okuvulekileyo, ukuvala, okanye ukuphinda ifowuni ekhoyo kwifayili. Ifomathi ebanzi esetyenziselwa ukulungiswa kwakhona kukuba:
[n] ifayile ye redir-op
apho i- redir-op ingomnye wabasebenzi abachazwe ngaphambili ngaphambili. Ukulandela uluhlu lwezilungiso ezikhoyo. I-Bq n iyinombolo yokuzikhethela, njengokuthi `3 '(hhayi' Bq 3 'ebhekisela kwi-descriptor yefayile.
[n]> ifayile
Ukulungiswa kwakhona kokuphuma komgangatho (okanye n) ukufayile.
[n]> | ifayile
Kuyafana, kodwa ukwedlula ukhetho lwe- C .
[n] >> ifayili
Faka isicelo siphumo esisezantsi (okanye n) ukufayile.
[n]
Phinda ubhale ngokuthe ngqo ukufaka (okanye n) kwifayile.
[n1] <& n2
Phindaphinda i-input standard (okanye n1) kwi-descriptor yefayile n2.
[n] <&
Vala i-input standard (okanye n).
[n1]> & n2
Phindaphinda i-output standard (okanye n1) ukusuka ku-n2.
[n]> &
Vala imveliso eqhelekileyo (okanye n).
[n] <> ifayile
Vula ifayile yokufunda nokubhala kwi-input standard (okanye n).
Ukuhlaziya okulandelayo kudla ngokubabizwa ngokuthi `` apha-document ''
[n] << delimiter
apha-doc-text ...
ummiselo
Yonke isicatshulwa kwimigca elandelelanayo iya kwi-delimiter igcinwe kude kwaye ifunyenwe kumyalelo kwi-input standard, okanye i-descriptor yefayile n ukuba icacisiwe. Ukuba i-delimiter njengoko ichaziwe kumgca wokuqala ucatshulwa, ngoko i-doc-text iphathwa ngokubhekiselele ngokoqobo, ngaphandle koko isicatshulwa sixhomekeke kwandiso lweparitha, indawo yokumisela, kunye nokwandiswa kwe-arithmetic (njengoko kuchazwe kwicandelo elithi `` Ukuhlaziywa) ' 'Ukuba umqhubi' `<< - '' endaweni ye` `<< << 'kwaye ke kukhokelela iithebhu kwi-do-text text here.
Ukukhangela kunye nokuSebenza
Kukho iintlobo zemiyalelo emithathu: imisebenzi yeeklate, imiyalelo yokwakha, kunye neenkqubo eziqhelekileyo - kwaye umyalelo uphendelwa (ngamagama) kuloo myalelo. Baye baphathwa ngendlela eyahlukileyo.
Xa umsebenzi wegobolondo ukwenziwa, zonke iipakethi zeemeko zecolom (ngaphandle kwe-$ 0, ehlala ingatshintshi) zibekwe kwiingxoxo ze-shell shell. Iimpawu ezichazwe ngokucacileyo kwindawo yombutho (ngokubeka izabelo kubo ngaphambi kwegama lomsebenzi) zenziwa kwendawo kwindawo kwaye zenziwa kwiimpawu ezinikeziweyo. Emva koko umyalelo owenziwe kwingcaciso yomsebenzi uyenziwa. Iiparameters zengqesho zibuyiselwe kwiimpawu zazo zokuqala xa umyalelo uqedile. Oku konke kwenzeka ngaphakathi kwegobolondo yangoku.
I-Shell eyakhiwe yenziwa ngaphakathi ngaphakathi kwi-shell, ngaphandle kokuvelisa inkqubo entsha.
Ngaphandle koko, ukuba igama lomyalelo alihambisani nomsebenzi okanye okwakhiwe, umyalelo uphononwa njengenkqubo eqhelekileyo kwifayile yefayili (njengoko kuchazwe kwicandelo elilandelayo). Xa inkqubo eqhelekileyo iqhutyelwa, igobolondo iqhuba inkqubo, idlulisa iingxabano kunye nokusingqongileyo kwiprogram. Ukuba inkqubo ayiyiyo ifayile evumelekileyo (oko kukuthi, ukuba ingaqalanga "nenombolo yomlingo" ebizwa ngokuba yi-"#!", Yenza i-execve (2) ibuyise i-Er ENOEXEC ngoko) igobolondo iya kuyichaza inkqubo sondeza. Igobolondo yengane iya kubuyiselwa kwakhona kulo mzekelo, ukwenzela ukuba isiphumo siza kuba ngathi igobolondo entsha isetyenziswe ukusingatha iskripthi se-shell-ad hoc, ngaphandle kokuba indawo yokulahlwa kwemithetho ekhoyo kwikhotile yomzali iya kukhunjulwa umntwana.
Qaphela ukuba iinguqu zangaphambili zalolu catshulwa kunye nekhowudi yomthombo ngokwayo zilahlekisa kwaye zifake ngokukhawuleza kwi-shell ye script ngaphandle kwenombolo yomlingo njengenkqubo "yegobolondo".
Indlela yoPhando
Xa ufumana umyalelo, igobolondo kuqala ikhangeleka ukuba ibone i-shell shell esebenza ngelo gama. Emva koko ukhangele umyalelo owakhelwe ngulo gama. Ukuba umyalelo owakhelweyo awufunyanwanga, enye yezinto ezimbini zenzeka:
- Amagama okulawula aphethe i-slash ayenziwa kuphela ngaphandle kokwenza uphando.
- Igobolondo ihlola nganye ingeniso kwi- PATH ngokuya kumyalelo. Ixabiso lentlobo yePATH kufuneka libe luhlu lwamangeniso ahlukaniswe ngamakholoni. Ngeniso ngalinye liqulethwe igama lolawulo. Ulawulo lwangoku lungabonakaliswa ngokucacileyo ngegama elingenanto lombhalo, okanye ngokucacileyo ngexesha elilodwa.
Umyalelo wokuphuma
Umyalelo ngamnye unemeko yokuphuma echaphazela ukuziphatha kweminye imiyalelo yegobolondo. Ipharadi kukuba umyalelo uphuma nge-zero ngokuqhelekileyo okanye kwimpumelelo, kwaye awuyiyo yonke into yokungaphumeleli, iposiso, okanye inkcazo yamanga. Ikhasi lomntu umyalelo ngamnye kufuneka ubonise iikhowudi ezahlukeneyo kunye noko bathethayo. Ukongezelela, imiyalelo eyakhelweyo ibuyele iikhowudi zokuphuma, njengoko kwenza umsebenzi wegobolondo owenziwe.
IMigqaliselo
Imiyalelo enzima idibanisa imilayezo elula kunye nabaphathi bokulawula okanye amagama agcinwe, kunye kunye nokudala umyalelo onzima. Ngokuqhelekileyo, umyalelo ungomnye wezinto ezilandelayo:
- umyalelo olula
- umbhobho
- uluhlu okanye uludwe lwe-composite
- umyalelo wekhampani
- inkcazelo yomsebenzi
Ngaphandle kokuba kuchazwe ngenye indlela, isimo sokuphuma somyalelo yilo lomyalelo wokugqibela olula owenziwa ngumyalelo.
Iipayipi
Umbhobho ulandelelwano lomyalelo omnye okanye ngaphezulu ohlukaniswe ngumqhubi wolawulo:. Umlinganiselo osemgangathweni wabo bonke kodwa umyalelo wokugqibela uxhunyiwe kwi-input standard yomyalelo olandelayo. Umlinganiselo osemgangathweni womyalelo wokugqibela uzuze kwi-shell, njengesiqhelo.
Ifomathi yepayipi yile:
[!] umyalelo1 [| command2 ...]
Umgangatho osemgangathweni womyalelo 1 uxhunyiwe kwi-input standard yomyalelo2. Igalelo eliqhelekileyo, umgangatho oqhelekileyo, okanye umyalelo wombini uthathwa njengabelwa ngepayipi ngaphambi kokuba kukho nawuphi na ukulungiswa okuchazwe ngabaqhubi abaye bahlaziya abayingxenye yomyalelo.
Ukuba umbhobho awukho kwimvelaphi (kuxutyushwa kamva), igobolondo ilinde yonke imiyalelo yokugqiba.
Ukuba igama eligcinwe! ayifaki phambili kwipayipi, isimo sokuphuma sisimo sokuphuma somyalelo wokugqibela esicacisiwe kwipayipi. Ngaphandle koko, i-exit status yinto engacaciswanga NGOKUKHONA kwimeko yokuphuma yomyalelo wokugqibela. Okokuthi, ukuba umyalelo wokugqibela ubuyisela isantya, isimo sokuphuma si-1; ukuba umyalelo wokugqibela ubuyisela phezulu kunezinga, i-exit status is zero.
Ngenxa yokunikezelwa kwemibhobho yemigangatho eqhelekileyo okanye imveliso eqhelekileyo okanye zombini iyenzeka ngaphambi kokuba ivuselelwe, iyakushintshwa ngokubuyiswa kwakhona. Umzekelo:
$ command1 2> & 1 | myalelo2
thumela zombini umgangatho osemgangathweni kunye nephutha eliqhelekileyo lomyalelo1 ukuya kwi-input standard yomyalelo2.
A; okanye
Qaphela ukuba ngokungafani nezinye iigobolondo, inkqubo nganye kwipayipi ngumntwana wegobolondo evuzayo (ngaphandle kokuba i-shell shell eyakhelwe kuyo, apho kwenzeka khona igobolondo yangoku - kodwa nayiphi na impembelelo enayo kwimimandla iyasuswa).
Imiyalelo Yemvelaphi -
Ukuba umyalelo unqanyulwa ngumlawuli wecala ampersand (&), igobolondo yenza umyalelo njenge-asynchronously - oko kukuthi, igobolondo alinde ukuba umyalelo uqede ngaphambi kokusebenzisa umyalelo olandelayo.
Ifomathi yokusebenzisa umyalelo kwimvelaphi yile:
umyalelo1 & [command2 & ...]
Ukuba igobolondo ayisebenzisanga, umyalelo osemgangathweni womyalelo ongenamashishini usethe kwi / dev / null
Iintlobo - Ukuthetha ngokuqhelekileyo
Uluhlu lulandelelwano lwezero okanye ngaphezulu kwemithetho eyahlukana ngamagama amasha, i-semicolons, okanye i-ampersands, kwaye ikhethwe ngokukodwa ngolu hlobo lwaba bantu abathathu. Imithetho eluhlu iqhutyelwa ngendlela ebhalwa ngayo. Ukuba umyalelo ulandelwa ngu-ampersand, igobolondo iqalisa umyalelo kwaye ngokukhawuleza uqhube kumyalelo olandelayo; ngenye indlela ulinde ukuba umyalelo wokuphelisa ngaphambi kokuqhubela phambili.
AbaSebenzi beeNcwadi ezifutshane
`` && '' kunye `` || '' BENYE-NYE uluhlu lwabasebenzisi. `` && '' uqhuba umyalelo wokuqala, kwaye uqhuba umyalelo wesibini iff imeko yokuphuma yomyalelo wokuqala. `` || '' iyafana, kodwa yenza umyalelo wesibini iff isimo sokuphuma somyalelo wokuqala awunalo. `` && '' kunye `` || '' zombini zinokubaluleka okufanayo.
Ukwakhiwa kokuLawula ukuLawula - ukuba, ngelixa, ngenxa yecala
I-syntax yomyalelo
ukuba uluhlu
u dwelise
[uluhlu lwelif
uluhlu]
[olunye uludwe]
fi
I-syntax yomyalelo wexeshana
ngelixa uluhlu
uludwe
zenziwe
Izintlu zombini zenziwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngelixa i-exit isimo seluhlu lokuqala luyi-zero. Kude umyalelo ufana, kodwa unayo igama kuze kube yindawo yexesha, elibangela ukuba liphinda lide lide ukuphuma kweloluhlu lokuqala.
I-syntax yomyalelo
ngokuguquguqukayo ngegama ...
uludwe
zenziwe
Amagama akwandiswa, kwaye ke uluhlu luqhutshwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngokusetyenzwa kwezinto eziguqukileyo kwigama ngalinye. ukwenza nokwenza kungathathwa indawo ngokuthi `` {'' ne ``} ''
I-syntax yekhefu kwaye uqhubeke nomyalelo
qhekeza [num]
qhubeka [num]
Ukuqhawula kuphelisa i-num yangaphakathi okanye xa uvala. Qhubekani niqhubeka ne-iteration elandelayo ye-inner loop. Ezi ziphunyezwa njengemithetho eyakhelwe.
I-syntax yomyalelo wecala
kwimeko yegama
umzekelo);
...
esac
Iphethini inokwenene ibe yipatheni enye okanye ngaphezulu (bona iipateni zeShell ezichazwe kamva), ezahlukana ngamalinganiswa '`' '.
Iqela lokuLawula ndawonye
Imiyalelo ingaqulunqwa ngokubhala
(uludwe)
okanye
{uludwe;
Eyokuqala yalezi ziqhuba imiyalelo kwi-subshell. Imithetho ye-Builtin iqela kwi (uluhlu) ayiyi kuchaphazela igobolondo yangoku. Ifom ye sibini ayifaki enye igobolondo ukuze iphumelele ngakumbi. Imiyalelo yokuqoqa ndawonye ngale ndlela ikuvumela ukuba uqondise imveliso yabo ngokungathi yinto enye inkqubo:
{printf hello; printf world \ n ";}}> ukubingelela
Imisebenzi
I-syntax yenkcazo yomsebenzi
igama () lomyalelo
Inkcazo yomsebenzi isitatimende esisebenzayo; xa ufezekile ufaka umsebenzi ogama lakhe negama kwaye ubuyisela isimo sokuphuma sero. Umyalelo ngokuqhelekileyo uludwe olufakwe phakathi kwe `` `{'' kunye` `} ''
Iintlobo ezinokuthi zingabhengezwa ukuba zendawo ukuya kumsebenzi ngokusebenzisa umyalelo wendawo. Oku kufuneka kubonakale njengesitatimende sokuqala somsebenzi, kunye ne-syntax
wendawo [eziguqukayo | -] ...
Ummandla usetyenziswe njengomyalelo owakhelwe.
Xa utshintsho lwenziwa kwendawo, ilifa ilifa lokuqala kunye nokuthumela amafowuni ukusuka kwiintlobo eziguquguqukileyo negama elifanayo kummandla ojikelezayo, ukuba kukho enye. Ngaphandle koko, uguquko luqala ekuqaleni. Igobolondo isebenzisa i-shell scoping, ukwenzela ukuba ukuba wenze uguquguquko x wendawo ukuba usebenze f, obizwa ngokuba ngumsebenzi g, ukubhekisela kwizinto eziguquguqukayo x ezenziwe ngaphakathi g ziya kubhekisela kumatshintshi x ezivakaliswe ngaphakathi f, kungekhona kwiinguqu zomhlaba ezibizwa ngokuthi x .
Iiparameter ekhethekileyo kuphela kunokwenziwa kwendawo '`-' 'Ukwenza` `-' 'indawo apho kukho iinqununu zenguqu ezitshintshiweyo ngomyalelo obekiwe ngaphakathi komsebenzi ukuba zibuyiselwe kwiimpawu zazo zokuqala xa umsebenzi ubuya.
I-syntax yomyalelo wokubuyisela
buyela [exitstatus
Iphelisa umsebenzi owenzayo ngoku. Ukubuyiselwa kuphunyezwa njengomyalelo owakhelwe.
Iintlobo kunye neeParameters
Igobolondo igcina isethi yamaritha. Ipharamitha echazwe igama libizwa ngokuba nguguquko. Xa uqala, igobolondo iyajika yonke imiba engqongileyo kwiimpawu zegobolondo. Izixhobo ezintsha zingasetwa usebenzisa ifom
igama = xabiso
Iintlobo ezibekwe ngumsebenzisi kufuneka zibe negama eliqukethe kuphela i-alfabhethi, iinombolo, kunye nokugxininisa - okuqala ukuba akumele kube yimibolo. Iparameter ingabonakaliswa nenani okanye uphawu olukhethekileyo njengoko kuchazwe ngezantsi.
Parameters Positional
Ipharamitha yenkalo yiparameter echazwe ngenani (n> 0). Igobolondo isetyenzisisa okokuqala kwiimpawu zemiyalelo yazo yomgca womyalelo olandela igama le-shell shell. Isethi (1) eyakhiweyo ingasetyenziselwa ukusetha okanye ukuyibuyisela kwakhona.
Iiparameters ezikhethekileyo
Iparameter ekhethekileyo yiparameter echazwe ngenye yezinto ezilandelayo ezikhethekileyo. Ixabiso leparameter lidweliswe ngasemva komlingiswa walo.
*
Ukunyuka kwiiparitha zemiqathango, ukususela kwenye. Xa ukwandiswa kwenzeka ngaphakathi kwintambo ecatshulweyo kabini kuya kwintsimi enye kunye nexabiso leparameter nganye ehlukaniswe ngumlingisi wokuqala weNguqulelo ye- IFS , okanye nge
@
Ukunyuka kwiiparitha zemiqathango, ukususela kwenye. Xa ukwandiswa kwenzeka kwiingcaphuno ezibini, iiparitha nganye yenkalo ikhula njengengxabano eyahlukileyo. Ukuba akukho ziiphameters zengqondo, ukwandiswa kwe @ @ kudala iingxabano zero, nokuba xa @ kucatshulwe kabini. Oko oku kuthetha ngokukodwa, umzekelo, ukuba i-$ 1 yi `` abc '' kwaye i-$ 2 yiyo `` def ghi '' kwaye iQq $ @ iya kwiingxoxo ezimbini:
abc def ghi
#
Ukwandisa kwinani leeparitha zemiqathango.
?
Ukunyuka kwimeko yokuphuma kwipayipi yakutshanje.
- (Hyphen.)
Ukunyuka kwindlela ekhoyo yangoku iiforgi (amagama akhethiweyo-ileta eneencwadi ezixhomekeke kumgca) njengoko kuchaziwe ekunconyweni, ngomyalelo obekwe ngokutsha, okanye ngokukodwa kwi-shell.
$
Ukwandisa kwi-ID yenkqubo yegobolondo ekhethiweyo. I-subshell igcina ixabiso elifanayo le-$ njengomzali wayo.
!
Ukwandisa kwi-ID yenkqubo yomyalelo osisandul 'umva wakutshanje owenziwe kwigobolondo yangoku. Kwimpayili, i-ID yenkqubo yile myalelo wokugqibela kwipayipi.
0 (Zero.)
Ukwandisa egameni legobolondo okanye i-shell shell.
Ukunyuka kwamazwi
Eli gatya lichaza iintlobo ezahlukahlukeneyo ezenziwa ngamazwi. Akukho konke ukuhlaziywa kwenziwa kwigama ngalinye, njengoko kuchaziwe kamva.
I-Tilde expansions, i-parameter expansions, i-substitution command, i-arithmetic expansions, kunye nokukhutshwa kweengcaphuno ezenzeka ngaphakathi kwegama elilodwa kwandisa kwintsimi enye. Kuphela kuphela ukuhlukanisa intsimi okanye ukwandiswa kwegama lendlela yokudala amasimu amaninzi ukusuka kwelinye igama. Ukwahlukileyo omnye kulo mgaqo kukunyuselwa kwiparameter ekhethekileyo @ kwiingcaphula ezimbini, njengoko kuchaziwe ngasentla.
Umyalelo wegama lokunyusa ngu:
- Ukwandiswa kweTilde, Ukwandiswa kweParameter, indawo yokuLawula, ukwandiswa kweArithmetic (konke kwenzeka ngexesha elifanayo).
- Ukudibanisa kwintsimi kwenziwa kwiinkalo eziveliswe ngenyathelo (1) ngaphandle kokuba uguquko lwe- IFS lulungile.
- Ukwandiswa kwegama lomsebenzi (ngaphandle kokuba kusetyenziswa - f isebenza).
- Ukukhutshwa kweCote.
I-character character isetyenziselwa ukuzisa ukwandiswa kweparameter, ukufakwa endaweni, okanye ukuhlolwa kweemviwo.
Ukwandiswa kweTilde (ngokufaka indawo yomsebenzisi & # 39; s home directory)
Igama eliqala ngumbonakaliso ongapheliyo (~) lugxininiswe ukunyusa ukunweba. Bonke abalinganiswa ukuya kwi-slash (/) okanye ekupheleni kwegama baphathwa njengegama lomsebenzisi kwaye bathatyathwa yincwadi yomsebenzisi yomsebenzisi. Ukuba igama lomsebenzisi lishiya (njenge ~ ~ / foobar) i-tilde ithathelwe indawo kunye nenani le-variable ye- HOME (i-home user's directory).
Ukwandiswa kweParameter
Ifomathi yokwandiswa kwepalitha yile ndlela ilandelayo:
apho ibinzana liqulethe bonke abalinganiswa kude kube yinto efanayo '`}' Nayiphi na` `} '' iphunyezwe ngokubuya komtya okanye kwintambo ecatshulwayo, kunye nabalinganiswa ekuphumeni kweemvumelwano zeemathematika, ukufakelwa komyalelo kunye nokuhlaziywa okungafaniyo, abahloliswanga efana '`}' '
Ifom elula kakhulu yokwandisa iparameter kukuba:
Ixabiso, ukuba kukho na, iparameter ithathelwa endaweni.
Igama lepharamitha okanye isimboli singabhalwa kwiibrasi, ezikhethiweyo ngaphandle kweeramitha zemiqathango eneenombolo ezingaphezu kweyodwa okanye xa ipharamitha ilandelwa ngumlingisi onokuthi aguqulelwe njengengxenye yegama. Ukuba ukwandiswa kweparameter kwenzeka ngaphakathi kweengcaphula ezimbini:
- Ukwandiswa kwegama lomsebenzi akukwenziwe kwimiphumo yokwandiswa.
- Ukwahlukana kwendawo akukwenziwanga kwiziphumo zokwandiswa, ngaphandle kwe @ @.
Ukongeza, ukwandiswa kweparameter kunokuguqulwa ngokusebenzisa enye yeefomathi ezilandelayo.
Sebenzisa iiMilinganiselo eziPhezulu. Ukuba iparameter ayilungise okanye ayikho, ukwandiswa kwamagama kufakwe endaweni; ngenye indlela, ixabiso leparameter lifakwe endaweni.
Nika iiMilinganiselo eziPhezulu. Ukuba iparameter ayikhethi okanye ayikho, ukwandiswa kwegama kunikwe iparameter. Kuzo zonke iimeko, ixabiso lokugqibela leparameter lifakwe endaweni. Iimpawu ezihlukeneyo, kungekhona iiparitha zemiqathango okanye iiparitha ezikhethekileyo, zingabelwa ngale ndlela.
Bonisa Iphutha xa i-Null okanye i-Unset. Ukuba iparameter ayilungise okanye ayikho, ukwandiswa kwegama (okanye umyalezo obonisa ukuba awunakunyulwa xa igama lishiywa) libhalwa kwimpazamo ephezulu kwaye igobolondo iphuma kunye ne-non-exit status. Ngaphandle koko, ixabiso leparameter lifakwe endaweni. Igobolondo edibeneyo ayifuni ukuphuma.
Sebenzisa ixabiso elongezelelweyo. Ukuba iparameter ingasetyenziswanga okanye ayikho, i-null ishintshiwe; ngenye indlela, ukwandiswa kwegama kufakwe endaweni.
Kwimilinganiselo yeparameter eboniswe ngaphambili, ukusebenzisa i-colon kwifomathi yeziphumo ekuvavanyeni kwiparameter engasetyenziswanga okanye engekho; ukungaphumeleli kwekhaloni kubangela ukuvavanywa kwiparameter engacwangciswanga.
Ubude bomgca. Ubude kubalinganiswa bexabiso leparameter.
Iindidi ezine ezilandelayo zokunyuselwa kweparameter zinikezela ukuqhutyelwa komsebenzi. Kwimeko nganye, i-pattern matching (see Shell Patterns), kunokuba kubonakaliswe ukubonakalisa rhoqo, kusetyenziselwa ukuhlola iipatheni. Ukuba iparameter * okanye @, umphumo wokwandiswa awunacacisiwe. Ukuvala umgca we-parameter yokwandisa kwi-quotes ephindwe kabini akubangeli ezi zinto ezine ezilandelayo zicatshulwe, kodwa ukucaphula iinhlamvu ngaphakathi kwiibhonti kunempembelelo.
Susa iSithinteli seNcinci. Igama liyakwandiswa ukuvelisa iphethini. Ukwandiswa kweparameter ngoko kuphumela kwiparameter, kunye nenxalenye encinci yesithintelo ehambelana nephethini isusiwe.
Susa iSithintelo esikhulu seMatriki. Igama liyakwandiswa ukuvelisa iphethini. Ukwandiswa kweparameter ngoko kubangela umlinganiselo weparitha, kunye nenxalenye enkulu yesithintelo ehambelana nomzekelo.
Susa umzekelo omncinane umzekelo. Igama liyakwandiswa ukuvelisa iphethini. Ukwandiswa kweparameter ngoko kuphumela kumpometer, kunye nenxalenye encinci yesibambiso ehambelana nephethini isusiwe.
Susa iNkcazo enkulu kunazo zonke. Igama liyakwandiswa ukuvelisa iphethini. Ukwandiswa kweparameter ngoko kubangela umlinganiselo weparameter, kunye nenxalenye enkulu yesiqalo ehambelana nomfanekiso osusiweyo.
Ulawulo lweNdawo
Indawo yokumisela ivumela umphumo womyalelo ukuba ubekwe endaweni esikhundleni segama lomyalelo ngokwawo. Ukutshintsha indawo kuyenzeka xa umyalelo ufakwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
$ (umyalelo)
okanye iPo `` i-backquoted '' inguqulelo yePc:
'umyalelo'
Igobolondo yandisa indawo yokumisela ngokuqhuba umyalelo kwi-subshell yendalo kwaye ithatha indawo yokufaka endaweni yomyalelo kunye nomgangatho osemgangathweni womyalelo, ukususa ukulandelelana komnye okanye ngaphezulu
Ukwandiswa kweArithmetic
Ukwandiswa kwe-Arithmetic inikeza indlela yokuvavanya ibinzana le-arithmetic nokufaka ixabiso layo. Ifomathi yokwandiswa kwe-arithmetic yile ndlela ilandelayo:
$ ((ibinzana)
Ili gama liphathwa njengokuba liphindwe kabini, ngaphandle kokuba ukucaphulwa kabini ngaphakathi kwegama akukhatywanga ngokukodwa. Igobolondo yandisa zonke iibhoksi kwintetho yokunyuselwa kweparameter, indawo yokumisela, kunye nokukhutshwa kweengcaphuno.
Emva koko, igobolondo iyakwenza oku njengendlela yokubonisa i-arithmetic kwaye ithatha indawo yexabiso lentetho.
I-White Space Splitting (Ukutshatyalaliswa kwendawo)
Emva kokunyuselwa kweparameter, ukutshintshwa komyalelo kunye nokwandiswa kwe-arithmetic igobolondo ihlola iziphumo zokuhlawulela kunye nezikhundla ezingazange zenzeke kwiingcaphuno eziphindwe kabini kwintsimi ezahlukileyo kwaye iindawo ezininzi zingabangela.
Igobolondo ibamba isicatshulwa ngasinye se- IFS njenge-delimiter kwaye isebenzise abadibanisi ukuba bahlule iziphumo zokunyuselwa kweparameter kunye nokufaka indawo endaweni.
Ukwandiswa kwegama lomfanekiso (Igama loLuntu lweFayile)
Ngaphandle kokuba iiflegi zifakwe, ifayile yegama lwakhiwo lwenziwa emva kokuhlukana kwegama kuphelile. Ilizwi ngalinye lijongwa njengoluhlu lweepateni, lwahlukana ngamaqhekeza. Inkqubo yokwandisa ithatha indawo yegama ngamagama azo zonke iifayile ezikhoyo apho amagama abo angakhiwa ngokutshintsha iphethini ngalinye ngomtya ohambelana nomzekelo ocacisiweyo. Kukho imithintelo emibini kule: okokuqala, iphethini ayikwazi ukufanisa umtya ophethe i-slash, kwaye okwesibini, iphethini ayikwazi ukufanisa umtya oqala ngethuba ngaphandle kokuba umlingisi wokuqala wephethini lixesha. Icandelo elilandelayo lichaza iipateni ezisetyenziselwa ukwandiswa kwegama lomntu kunye nomyalelo (1).
Iipateni zeShell
Umzekelo uqulethwe ngabalinganiswa abaqhelekileyo, abazitshatisa ngokwabo, kunye nabalinganiswa beemeta. Iimeta-characters ziyi ``! '' `` '' `` `'' Kunye` `['' La magama alahlekelwa intsingiselo ekhethekileyo xa bacatshulwa. Xa umyalelo okanye ukutshintsha okutshintshileyo kwenziwa kwaye uphawu lwama dollar okanye ukucaphuna okuphindaphindiweyo akucatshulwa kabini, ixabiso leguquguqukileyo okanye umphumo womyalelo ulandelwa kula mabalingisi kwaye baguqulwa baba yi-meta-characters.
I-asterisk (`` '' ') ifanisa nayiphi na intambo yabalinganiswa. Umqondiso umbuzo ufanisana naluphi na umlinganisi omnye. Ibhonki ekhohlo (`` ['') izisa isigaba somgca. Ukuphela komgangatho wesimpawu kuboniswe ngu- (`` '' ') ukuba i `` `' 'ilahlekile ke` `[' 'ihambelana ne` `[' 'kunokufakela iklasi lomgca. Iklasi lomlinganiso lifanisa nayiphi na imifanekiso phakathi kweebakaki zesikwere. Uluhlu lwabalimi lunokuthi lubalwe ngokusebenzisa uphawu lokunciphisa. Iklasi lodidi lungaqulunqwa ngokwenza iphulo lokumangalisa umlingiswa wokuqala weklasi lomlinganiso.
Ukufaka i `` `'' kwisigaba somlinganiso, yenza kube ngumfanekiso wokuqala (emva kokuba` `! '' Ukuba kukho). Ukuquka uphawu lokunciphisa, yenze ibe ngumntu wokuqala okanye ogqitywe umbala
Builtins
Eli candelo liluhlu lwemithetho eyakhelweyo eyakhiwe ngenxa yokuba kufuneka benze umsebenzi othile ongeke wenziwe yinkqubo eyahlukileyo. Ukongeza kwezi zinto, kukho iminye imiyalelo emininzi enokuthi yenziwe ngokufanelekileyo (umz. Echo 1).
: I
Umyalelo ongekho phantsi obuyisela inani eli-0 (eliyinyaniso) lokuphuma.
. ifayile
Imithetho kwifayili ecacisiweyo ifundwa kwaye iyenziwa yigobolondo.
alias [ igama [ = umtya ... ]]
Ukuba igama = umtya lucacisiwe, igobolondo ichaza igama le-alias ngexabiso lomtya Ukuba ngaba igama lichaziwe, ixabiso legama legama le-alias liprintwe. Ngaphandle kweengxoxo, i- alias builtin iprinta amagama kunye neempawu zazo zonke iindawo ezichaziweyo (jonga iiasas)
bg [ umsebenzi] ...
Qhubeka nomsebenzi ochaziweyo (okanye umsebenzi wangoku ukuba akukho misebenzi inikwe) kwimvelaphi.
umyalelo wokulawula umyalelo ...
Yenza umyalelo owakhelweyo owenziwe. (Oku luncedo xa unomsebenzi webhokibhile kunye negama elifanayo njengomyalelo owenziweyo.)
cd [ ulawulo ]
Shintshela kwirekhodi ecacisiweyo (i-default HOME HOME) Ukuba ukungena kwi- CDPATH kubonakala kwimimiselo yomyalelo we- cd okanye i- shellPAT variable i- CDPATH isetyenzisiwe kwaye igama lomlawuli aliqali nge-slash, kwaye iirejista ezidweliswe kwi- CDPATH ziya kuphandwa kwirejista ecacisiweyo. Ifomathi yeCDPATH iyafana neyo-PATH Kwinqaba ye-shell, umyalelo we- cd uzakuphrinta igama lerekhodi ukuba yatshintshela koko ukuba oku kwahlukileyo kwigama elinikezwa ngumsebenzisi. Ezi zi ngahluka okanye mhlawumbi ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwe- CDPATH okanye ngenxa yokuba isiqhelo sesingxowaniswe .
ngentambo ye- eval ...
Qinisekisa zonke iingxoxo kunye nezikhala. Emva koko uphinde uphinde uqhube umyalelo.
exec [ command arg ... ]
Ngaphandle kokuba umyalelo ungashiywanga, inkqubo yegobolondo ithathelwe indawo kunye nenkqubo ecacisiweyo (leyo kufuneka ibe yinkqubo yokwenene, kungekhona i-shell shell builtin okanye umsebenzi). Naziphi na izilungiso kumyalelo wokuqhuba ziphawulwe njengezisigxina, ukwenzela ukuba zingagqitywanga xa umyalelo wokuphelisa uphela.
ukuphuma [ exitstatus ]
Ukuphelisa inkqubo yegobolondo. Ukuba i- exitstatus inikezelwa iyasetyenziswa njenge-exit status ye-shell; ngenye indlela isimo sokuphuma somyalelo esandulelayo sisetyenzisiweyo.
igama lokuthumela ...
ukuthumela ngaphandle -p
Amagama achaziweyo athunyelwa ngaphandle ukuze aya kubakho kwimimiselo yemiyalelo elandelayo. Indlela yodwa yokuthumelela ukutshintshwa kwezinto ezingafaniyo ukuyikhetha. Igobolondo ivumela ukuba ixabiso le variable libekwe ngexesha elifanayo liyakuthunyelwa ngokubhalwa
igama lokuthumela = xabiso
Ngaphandle kweengxabano umyalelo wokuthumela ngaphandle uthayibhile amagama azo zonke iinguqu ezithunyelwa ngaphandle. Ngendlela ekhethiweyo echazwe isiqhamo siya kufomelwa ngokufanelekileyo ngokusetyenziswa okungasebenziswanga.
fc [- e editor ] [ wokuqala [ wokugcina ]
fc -l [- nr ] [ wokuqala [ wokugcina ]
fc -s [ elidala = elitsha ] [ lokuqala ]
Izintlu zefc zenziwe, okanye zihlela kwaye ziphinde zenzeke, imiyalelo yangaphambili yangena kwikhobhile edibeneyo.
- umhleli
Sebenzisa umhleli ogqitywe ngumhleli ukuhlela imiyalelo. Umgca womgca ligama lomyalelo, kuxhomekeke ekukhangekeni nge- PATH . Ixabiso lentlobo yeFCEDIT lisetyenziswe njengento engagqibekanga xa- e ingacacisiwe. Ukuba i- FCEDIT ayinanto okanye ayinakususwa, ixabiso lentengo ye- EDITOR isetyenziswe. Ukuba i- EDITOR ayinanto okanye ayikhethi, hlengisa (1) isetyenziswe njengomhleli.
-l (ell)
Bhala uluhlu lwemithetho kunokuba uvakalise umhleli kubo. Imiyalelo ibhaliwe ngokulandelelana kuboniswe ngabasebenzi bokuqala nabokugcina, njengoko kuthintekisiwe ngumyalelo ngamnye phambi kombolo yomyalelo.
-n
Ukunciphisa amanani omyalelo xa uluhlu -l.
-r
Ukuguqula umyalelo weemigaqo ezidweliswe (nge - l okanye ezihleliweyo (ezingenakunjalo )
-s
Phinda uphumelele umyalelo ngaphandle kokufaka umhleli.
Ekuqaleni
gqibela
Khetha imiyalelo yokuluhlu okanye ukuhlela. Inombolo yemithetho yangaphambili engafumaneka iyakunikwa yixabiso lentengo ye- HISTSIZE . Ixabiso lokuqala okanye lokugqibela okanye zombini ngenye yezi zinto zilandelayo:
[+] inombolo
Inombolo efanelekileyo emela inombolo yomyalelo; Amanani omyalelo angaboniswa nge- l option.
-nomboro
Inombolo engaguquliyo yokugqibela emele umyalelo owenziwe inombolo yeemithetho ngaphambili. Umzekelo, -1 ngumyalelo owangaphambili.
umtya
Umtya obonisa umyalelo osanda kutsalwa oqala ngalolo mtya. Ukuba indala = i-operand entsha ayicacisiwe kwakhona ngefom yefowuni ye-operand yokuqala ayikwazi ukufumana uphawu olulinganayo olufakiwe.
Ezi zintlukwano zilandelayo zichaphazela ukuphunyezwa kwe-fc:
FCEDIT
Igama lomhleli ukusetyenziswa.
HISTSIZE
Inani lemithetho yangaphambili efikelelekayo.
fg [ umsebenzi ]
Hambisa umsebenzi ochaziweyo okanye umsebenzi okhoyo kwangaphambili.
ufumana i-optstring var
Umyalelo we- POSIX ufumana umyalelo wokuba ungadideki kunye neBell Labs -fowuni (1).
Iingxabano zokuqala kufuneka zibe luhlu lweetalela, ngasinye sinokuthi silandelwe ngokukhethwa kukho ngekoloni ukuze sibonise ukuba ukhetho lufuna impikiswano. Uhlobo oluthile oluchaziweyo lusekwe kwindlela ekhethiweyo.
Umyalelo we-getopts uchithekisa i-getopt edala (1) isebenzisi ngenxa yokusingatha kweengxabano eziqukethe indawo ye-whitespace.
I- buildopts builtin ingasetyenziselwa ukufumana iinketho kunye neengxabano zabo ukusuka kwiprogram yeerameters. Xa kuphakanyisiwe, iifayile ibeka ixabiso lentetho elandelayo ukusuka kwintlobo yokukhethwa kwintlu ekhethiweyo kwi-shell echazwe ngu- var kunye nesicatshulwa kwi-shell ye-shell OPTIND Xa igobolondo ifunyenwe, i- OPTIND iqaliswe kwi-1. Ngokhetho ngalunye olufuna ingxabano, i- getopts builtin iya kufaka kwi-shell ekhethiweyo OPTARG Ukuba ukhetho aluvunyelwe kwi- optstring kwaye i- OPTARG iya kulungiswa.
optstring ngumtya weeleta ezikhethiweyo. Ukuba ileta ilandelwa yikholoni, ukhetho kulindeleke ukuba libe neengxabano ezinokuthi zingahlukaniswa nayo ngendawo emhlophe. Ukuba ukhetho olungabonakaliyo alufumaneki apho kukulindeleke khona , iifowopot izakusetha var variable ukuba ibe ``? '' Iifowuni iya kukhangela i-OPTARG kwaye ibhale imveliso kwisiphelo esifanelekileyo. Ngokucacisa ikholoni njengokuba umlingisi wokuqala wokuphuma kuzo zonke iziphene uya kuhoywa.
Ixabiso le-nonzero libuyiselwa xa ikhetho lokugqibela lifikile. Ukuba akukho zizathu zokuhlala, i- getopts iya kubeka uluhlu olukhethiweyo, `` - '' ngaphandle koko, liya kubeka i- var ku- ``? '
Le fragment yekhowudi elandelayo ibonisa indlela umntu angaqhuba ngayo iingxabano zomyalelo onokuthatha ukhetho [a] kunye [b] kunye nenketho [c] efuna impikiswano.
ngelixa ufumana i-abc: f
kuyenza
ityala le $ f in
| | b) iflegi = $ f ;;
c) i-carg = i-$ OPTARG ;;
\?) faka $ USAGE; phuma 1 ;;
esac
zenziwe
tshintsha 'expr $ OPTIND - 1`
Le khowudi iya kwamkela nayiphi na le ndelayo njengalinganayo:
ifayile yefayile ye-acarg
ifayile yefayili ye-cmd -a -c arg
cmd -carg -fayile yefayili
cmd -a -carg - ifayili yefayile
umyalelo we- hash -rv ...
Igobolondo igcina itafile yeheysi ekhumbula iindawo zemithetho. Ngaphandle kweengxabano, umyalelo we- hash uprintela okukule tafile. Izibhengezo ezingakhange zijongwe njengoko umyalelo wokugqibela we- cd ubhalwe nge-asterisk; kunokwenzeka ukuba ezi zingeniso zingavumelekanga.
Ngeengxabano, umyalelo we- hash ususa imiyalelo ecacisiweyo esuka kwitheyibhile ye-hash (ngaphandle kokuba isebenze) kwaye uyayifumana. Ngendlela yokukhetha, i-hash icwangcisa indawo zeemithetho njengoko zifunyanwa. Ikhetho lenza ukuba i-hash ilayishe ukususa onke amafayile kwitafile yehagi ngaphandle kwemisebenzi.
msebenzi [ msebenzi ]
Phrinta i-ID yenkqubo yeenkqubo kwinkqubo. Ukuba impikiswano yomsebenzi ishiywe, umsebenzi okhoyo usetyenziswa.
imisebenzi
Lo myalelo uqulunqa zonke iinkqubo zangasemva ezingabantwana benkqubo yegobolondo yangoku.
Phrinta ulawulo lwangoku. Umyalelo owakhiwe ungahluka kwiprogram yegama elifanayo kuba umyalelo owakhiwe ukhumbule oko ulawulo lwangoku lungaphezulu kunokusibuyisela ixesha ngalinye. Oku kwenza kubekho ngokukhawuleza. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba uhlaziyo lwangoku lubizwa kwakhona, inguqu eyakhiweyo ye- pwd iya kuqhubeka iphrinta igama elidala kwirejista.
funda [- p prompt ] [- r ] inguquko ...
I-prompt ishicilelwe ukuba i-option p icaciswe kwaye igalelo eliqhelekileyo liyi-terminal. Emva koko umgca ufundwa kwi-input standard. Intsha entsha elandelwayo isuswa kumgca kwaye umgca uyahlukana njengoko kuchaziwe kwicandelo ngokuchaneka kwegama elingentla, kwaye iziqwenga zinikezelwa kwiimpawu ezilandelelweyo. Ubuncinane isitshixo esisodwa kufuneka sichazwe. Ukuba kukho iziqendu ezingaphezu kweenguqulelo, iziqhezu ezisele (kunye nabalinganiswa kwi- IFS ezabahlula ) zinikezelwa kwi-variable variable. Ukuba kukho iinguqu ezininzi kuneziqwenga, iinguqu eziseleyo zinikezwa umtya ongenanto. Okufundwayo okuza kwenziwa kuza kubonisa impumelelo ngaphandle kokuba i-EOF idibana negalelo, kwimeko apho ukungaphumeleli kuyabuyiselwa.
Ngokungagqibekanga, ngaphandle kokuba ukhetho lukhankanywe, i-backslash `` \ '' isebenza njengendlela yokuphepha, kubangela ukuba umlingisi olandelayo uphathwe ngendlela eyiyo. Ukuba i-backslash ilandelwa ngumnxeba omtsha, i-backslash kunye ne-lineline iya kususwa.
igama le- readonly ...
-i-readonly
Amagama achaziweyo amakwe njengendlela efundwayo kuphela, ukwenzela ukuba abanako ukuguqulwa okanye ukuchithwa. Igobolondo ivumela ukuba ixabiso le variable libekwe ngexesha elifanayo liphawulwe lifundwa kuphela ngokubhala
igama le-readonly = xabiso
Ngaphandle kweengxabano umyalelo we-readonly uluhlu lwamagama abo bonke bafunde iinguqu kuphela. Ngendlela ekhethiweyo echazwe isiqhamo siya kufomelwa ngokufanelekileyo ngokusetyenziswa okungasebenziswanga.
usethe [{- - izinketho | + ukhetho | - arg ... ]
Umyalelo ohleliweyo wenza imisebenzi emithathu eyahlukileyo.
Ngaphandle kweengxabano, libala uluhlu lwezinto zonke eziguqukayo.
Ukuba ukhetho lunikezelwa, lubeka ikhefu ekhethiweyo, okanye uwacacise njengoko kuchazwa kwicandelo elibizwa ngokuba yi-Sx Argument List Processing.
Ukusetyenziswa kwesithathu komyalelo obekweyo kukusekela ixabiso leempawu zeemeko ze-shells kwi-args ezichaziweyo. Ukutshintsha iiparitha zemiqathango ngaphandle kokutshintsha naziphi na iindlela, sebenzisa `` - '' njengengxabano yokuqala yokusetha. Ukuba akukho zi-args ezikhoyo, umyalelo obekiweyo uya kucima zonke iiparameters zendawo (efana nokwenza `` shiya i $ #. ''
xabiso
Ukwabela ixabiso ukuya kutshintsha. (Ngokuqhelekileyo kubhetele ukubhala ukuguquguquka = ixabiso kunokuba isebenzise i- setvar setvar ihloselwe ukuba isetyenziswe kwimisebenzi enikezela ixabiso kwiimpawu ezahlukileyo amagama abo njengamaparitha.)
kutshintsha [ n ]
Shift iiparameter zithuba kunye namaxesha. Utshintshi lubeka ixabiso le- $ 1 kwixabiso le- $ 2 ixabiso le- $ 2 ukuya kwixabiso le- $ 3 njalo njalo, ukunciphisa ixabiso le $ # enye. Ukuba n mkhulu kunani leemimiselo zendawo, ukutshintsha kuya kukhupha umyalezo wephutha, kwaye uphume nge-return status 2.
maxesha
Phrinta ixesha elisebenzisiweyo lomsebenzisi kunye neenkqubo ze-shell kunye neenkqubo eziqhutywa kwi-shell. Indawo yokubuyisa i-0.
Yenza ukuba igobolondo idibanise kwaye isebenze isenzo xa kukho nayiphi na impawu echaziweyo. Iimpawu zichazwe ngenombolo yesignali. Ukuba isibonakaliso ngu- 0 isenzo senziwa xa igobolondo iphuma. isenzo singenanto okanye `` - '' yangaphambili ibangela ukuba uphawu oluchaziweyo lugcinwe kwaye okokugqibela kubangela ukuba kuthathwe isenzo esingagqibekanga. Xa igobolondo ifuna i- subshell , i-resets ifakwe (ngaphandle kokunyanzeliswa) isignali kwisenzo esingagqibekanga. Umyalelo womgibe awunamphumo kwizibonakaliso ezingazange zinyanzelwe ukungena kwi-shell.
uhlobo [ igama ... ]
Chaza igama ngalinye njengomyalelo kwaye ushicilele isisombululo somyalelo wophando. Izigqibo ezinokwenzeka zi: iiglokhi zegama elingundoqo, ii-alias, i- cookie eyakhiwe , umyalelo, i-alias ezilandelwayo kwaye ayifumananga. Ukwenyuka kokunyuselwa kwamanyathelo kulungelelaniso; imiyalelo kunye neendawo zokulandelana ezilandelelweyo igama elipheleleyo lomyalelo uprintwa.
[- H -S ] [- a-tfdscmlpn [ value ]]
Cela malunga okanye usethe umda onzima okanye othobekileyo kwiinkqubo okanye usethe imida emitsha. Ukukhethwa phakathi komda onzima (apho kungekho nqubo evunyelwe ukuphulwa, kwaye leyo ingenakuphakanyiswa xa iyancitshisiwe) kunye nomda othobayo (obangela ukuba iinkqubo zichazwe kodwa zingabulawa, kwaye zingaphakanyiswa) zenziwa kunye ezi ziflegi:
-H
usethe okanye ubuze malunga nemida enzima
-S
usethe okanye ubuze malunga nemida elula. Ukuba akukho - H nor - S icacisiwe, umda othobekileyo uboniswa okanye imida yomibini isetyenziswe. Ukuba zombini zicacisiwe, iyokugqibela iphumelela.
Umda wokuba uphenywe okanye usethe, ngoko, ukhethwa ngokucacisa nayiphi na yale flegigi:
-a
bonisa yonke imida yangoku
-t
bonisa okanye usethe umda kwixesha le- CPU (ngemizuzwana)
-f
bonisa okanye usethe umda kwifayili enkulu kunazo zonke ezingadalwa (kwiibhloko ze-512-byte)
-d
bonisa okanye usethe umda kumlinganiselo wesigaba seenkcukacha zenkqubo (kwii-kilobyte)
-s
ubonise okanye usethe umda kumlinganiselo wesitaki somsebenzi (kwii-kilobytes)
-c
ubonise okanye usethe umda kwinqanaba elikhulu lokulahla elingundoqo eliza kuveliswa (kwiibhloko ze-512-byte)
-m
bonisa okanye usethe umda kwimemori engokwenyama engasetyenziswa yinkqubo (kwii-kilobytes)
-l
bonisa okanye usethe umda wendlela inkumbulo eninzi inokukhiya ngayo i- mlock (2) (kwii- kilobytes )
-p
ubonise okanye usethe umda kwinani leenkqubo ezi zakuba ngumsebenzisi ngexesha elinye
-n
bonisa okanye usethe umda kwiifayile zefayile inkqubo inokuvula ngokukhawuleza
Ukuba akukho nanye yale nto ichazwe, ngumda wefayile yefayile eboniswayo okanye ehleliweyo. Ukuba inani lichazwe, umda usethe kule nombolo; ngenye indlela umda wamanje uboniswa.
Imilinganiselo yenkqubo engabonakaliyo ingabonakaliswa okanye isetyenziswe kusetyenziso lwe-sysctl (8).
umask [ mask ]
Beka ixabiso le-umask (jonga umask (2)) kwixabiso le-octal elichaziweyo. Ukuba ingxabano ishiywe, ixabiso le-umask liprintwe.
amaasas [- a ] [ igama ]
Ukuba igama likhankanywe, igobolondo isusa loo nto. Ukuba - into echazwe, zonke izibambiso zisuswe.
unamagama ...
Iimpawu ezichaziweyo kunye nemisebenzi ayilungisekanga kwaye ayithunyelwa ngaphandle. Ukuba igama elinikeziweyo lihambelana zombini uguquko kunye nomsebenzi, zombini uguquko kunye nomsebenzi awusetyenziswanga.
ulinde [ umsebenzi ]
Lindela umsebenzi ocacisiweyo ukugqiba nokubuyisela isimo sokuphuma kwinkqubo yokugqibela emsebenzini. Ukuba ingxoxo ingashiywanga, linda yonke imisebenzi ukugqiba kunye nokubuyisela imeko yokuphuma kweso.
UkuLungiselela uLwazi lweMida
Xa i- sh isetyenziselwa ngaphakathi kwi-terminal, umyalelo wamanje kunye nembali yomyalelo (bona i- fc kwi-Sx Builtins) ingahle ihlelwe usebenzisa ukulungiswa komgca we-vi-mode. Le ndlela isebenzisa imiyalelo, ichazwe ngezantsi, efana ne-subset yezo zichazwe kwikhasi lomntu. Umyalelo othi 'setha' -o u yenza i-vi-mode ukuhlela uze ufake kwindawo yokufaka. Nge-vi-mode inikwe amandla, sh ingatshintshwa phakathi kwefayile yokufaka kunye nemodi yomyalelo. Umhleli awuchazwa ngokupheleleyo apha, kodwa uya kuba kwidokhumenti kamva. Kufana ne-vi: ukuthayipha i-Aq ESC kuya kukuphosa kwindlela yokulawula ye-VI. Ukuhlawula i-Aq kubuya ngelixa kwimodi yolawulo iya kudlula umgca kwi-shell.
Kubalulekile: Sebenzisa umyalelo womntu ( % umntu ) ukubona indlela umyalelo usetyenziswa ngayo kwiikhomputha yakho ethile.