I-DNS ngumguquleli phakathi kwama-hostnam kunye nee-IP
Ngendlela elula, i-Domain Name System (i-DNS) iqokelela yolwazi oluguqulela i- hostnames kwiidilesi ze-IP .
I-DNS idla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi-intanethi yencwadi yefowuni kuba iguqulela ngokulula ukukhumbuza amagama abanjenge-www.google.com, kwii-IP dilesi ezifana ne- 216.58.217.46 . Oku kwenzeka emva kweempawu emva kokuba uthayiphe i- URL kwisibhengezo sebar yewebhu.
Ngaphandle kwe-DNS (kwaye ngokukodwa izitshixo zokukhangela ezifana ne-Google), ukuhamba nge-intanethi kwakungeke kube lula kuba kufuneka senze idilesi ye-IP nganye kwiwebhusayithi esiyifunayo.
I-DNS isebenza njani?
Ukuba kusengacacile, ingcamango eyisiseko yokuba i-DNS yenza umsebenzi wayo yinto elula: idilesi nganye yewebhusayithi efakwe kwisiphequluli sewebhu (njenge-Chrome, Safari, okanye i-Firefox) ithunyelwa kwiseva ye-DNS , eqondayo indlela yokubeka imephu eli gama kwidilesi yalo ye-IP efanelekileyo.
Yiyo idilesi ye-IP apho amadivaysi asetyenziswa ukuthetha nabanye kuba bengenakukwazi ukubuyisela ulwazi ngokusebenzisa igama elithi www.google.com , www.youtube.com , njl. Sifumana ukungena nje igama elilula ezi website ngelixa i-DNS yenza yonke i-lookups kuthi, isinika ukusondela ngokukhawuleza kwii-IP ezifanelekileyo idilesi ezifunekayo ukuvula amaphepha esifuna.
Kwakhona, www.microsoft.com, www. , www.amazon.com , kunye namanye amagama ewebhusayithi asetyenziswa kuphela ukulungelelana kwethu kuba kulula ukukhumbula loo magama kunokukhumbula iitaliti zabo ze-IP.
Iikhomputha ezibizwa ngokuba ngabaxhasi beengcambu zinoxanduva lokugcina idilesi ze-IP kuyo yonke idibansi yezinga eliphezulu . Xa i-intanethi iceliwe, yinkonzo yenkomo eyenza olo lwazi kuqala ukuze luchonge inyathelo elilandelayo kwinkqubo yokukhangela. Emva koko, igama lesizinda lihanjiswa kwi-Domain Name Resolver (DNR), efumaneka kwi- ISP , ukuchonga idilesi ye-IP echanekileyo. Ekugqibeleni, olu lwazi lubuyiselwa kwisixhobo osicelile kuso.
Indlela yokuhlaziya iDNS
Iinkqubo zokuSebenza ezifana neWindows kunye nabanye baza kugcina iidilesi ze-IP kunye nolunye ulwazi malunga namahostela apha ukuze bakwazi ukufikelela ngokukhawuleza kunokuhlala befikelela kwi-DNS iseva. Xa ikhompyutha iyaqonda ukuba igama lomninimzi othile lifana nedilesi ethile ye-IP, olo lwazi luvunyelwe ukuba lugcinwe, okanye lukhutshwe kwisixhobo.
Nangona ukukhumbula ulwazi lwe-DNS luncedo, ngamanye amaxesha lingahle lonakaliswe okanye luphelelwe yisikhathi. Ngokuqhelekileyo inkqubo yokusebenza isusa le nkcukacha emva kwexesha elithile, kodwa ukuba unenkathazo yokufikelela kwiwebhusayithi kwaye uyakrokraza ngenxa yokuphuma kwe-DNS, isinyathelo sokuqala kukunyanzelisa le nkcukacha ukuba wenze indawo entsha, iirekhodi zeDNS ezihlaziyiweyo.
Kufuneka ukwazi ukuqala kwakhona ikhompyutha yakho ukuba unenkathazo kunye ne-DNS kuba i-cache cache ayigcinwanga ngokuqalisa kwakhona. Nangona kunjalo, ukukhupha i-cache ngesandla endaweni yokuqalisa kwakhona kukukhawuleza.
Unokuyifakela i-DNS kwi-Windows ngokusebenzisa i- Command Prompt kunye nomyalelo we- ipconfig / flushdns . IWebhsayithi Iyintoni i-DNS yam? Unemiyalelo yokususa i-DNS kwiinguqulelo nganye ze-Windows , kunye ne-MacOS kunye ne-Linux.
Kubalulekile ukuba ukhumbule ukuba, kuxhomekeke kwindlela i- router yakho ecacisiweyo ngayo, iirekhodi ze-DNS zinokugcinwa khona. Ukuba ukucoca i-DNS cache kwikhompyutheni yakho akulungisi inkinga yakho ye-DNS, ngokuqinisekileyo kufuneka uzame ukuqala kabusha i-router yakho ukuze uchukumise i-DNS cache.
Qaphela: ukungena kwifayile yeMikhosi akususi xa i-DNS cache isulwa. Kufuneka uhlele ifayile yemikhosi ukuphelisa ama-hostnames kunye nee-IP zamakheli ezigcinwe khona.
I-Malware inokuchaphazela ukungena kwi-DNS
Njengoko i-DNS ijongene nokuqondisa ama-hostnam kwiipilisi ezithile ze-IP, ku funeka kucace ukuba yinto ephambili yokujoliswa komsebenzi onobungozi. Hackers ingakwazi ukuqondisa isicelo sakho sesisombululo esisebenza ngokuqhelekileyo kumntu ongumgibe wokuqoqa amaphasiwedi okanye ukukhonza i- malware .
I-DNS yobuthi kunye ne- DNS spoofing yimiqathango esetyenziselwa ukuchaza ukuhlaselwa kwi-cached resolver's cache ngenjongo yokuthumela igama lomninimzi kwidilesi ye-IP eyahlukeneyo kunokuba kunikwe inyaniso igama legama lomninimzi, ngokukhawuleza uqondise apho uzimisele ukuya khona. Oku kuqhelekileyo kwenziwa kwimizamo yokukuyisa kwiwebhusayithi ezele iifayile ezinobungozi okanye ukwenza ukuhlaselwa kobuqhetseba ekukhohliseni ukuba ufikelele kwiwebhusayithi ekhangelekayo efanayo ukwenzela ukuntshontsha iziqinisekiso zakho zokungena ngemvume.
Uninzi lweenkonzo ze-DNS zikhusela ezi ntlobo zokuhlaselwa.
Enye indlela abahlaseli abachaphazela ngayo ukungena kweDNS kukusebenzisa ifayile yeMikhosi. Ifayile yefowuni yifayile egciniweyo esetyenziswa kwindawo esikhundleni se-DNS ngaphambi kokuba i-DNS ibe yinto ephakamileyo yokusombulula ama-hostnames, kodwa ifayile ifakhona kwiinkqubo ezithandwayo zokusebenza. Izibhengezo ezigcinwe kule fayile zigqitha izicwangciso zeeseva ze-DNS, ngoko iinjongo eziqhelekileyo ze-malware.
Indlela elula yokukhusela ifayile yemikhosi ekubeni ihlelwe kukumakisha njengefayile efundwayo kuphela . KwiWindows, vele uhambe kwiifolda enefayile eneenkcukacha: % Systemdrive% \ Windows \ System32 \ abaqhubi \ njl . Nqakraza ngakwesokudla okanye uthabathe-bamba, khetha i- Properties , uze ubeke isheke kwibhokisi ecaleni kwendlela yokufunda kuphela .
Ulwazi olungakumbi kwi-DNS
I-ISP okwangoku isebenza nge-intanethi ukunikezela ngee-DNS kumaseva akho ukusebenzisa (ukuba unxulumene ne- DHCP ), kodwa unyanzelekile ukuba unamathele kunye neeseva ze-DNS. Amanye amaseva anokubonelela ngeempawu zokungena ukulandelela iiwebhsayithi ezivakatyeweyo, ii-blockers zesikhangiso, izihlungi ze-website kunye nezinye izinto. Khangela olu luhlu lwabaSebenzi be-DNS beeNtlalontle kunye noluntu malunga neminye imiva ye-DNS iseva.
Ingaba ikhompyutha isebenzisa i-DHCP ukuba ifumane idilesi ye-IP okanye ukuba isebenzisa idilesi ye- static IP , unokwazi ukuchaza iinkonzo ze-DNS zesiko. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ayilungiselelwanga ngeDHCP, kufuneka ucacise iiseva zeDNS ekufuneka zizisebenzise.
Izicwangciso zee-DNS ezicacileyo zibeka phambili ngaphezu kwezicwangciso ezicacileyo, eziphezulu. Ngamanye amagama, izicwangciso zeDNS ezikufutshane nesixhobo esisebenzisayo. Umzekelo, ukuba utshintshe izicwangciso zeeseva zeDNS kwi-router yakho kwizinto ezithile, ngoko ke zonke iifowuni ezixhunyaniswe kuloo mse benzisi ziya kusebenzisa loo mavava e-DNS. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba utshintshela izicwangciso zeeseva ze-DNS kwi-PC into ethile eyahlukeneyo , loo khomputha iya kusebenzisa amaseva ahlukeneyo e-DNS kunamanye amadivaysi axhunyiwe kwi-router efanayo.
Esi sizathu sokuba i-DNS cache ekhompyutheni yakho inokuthintela iiwebhusayithi ukuba zilayishe nokuba ngaba ezifanayo ziyavulwa ngokuqhelekileyo kwiikhomputha ezahlukeneyo kwinethiwekhi efanayo.
Nangona ii-URL esivame ukungena kwiiphequluli zethu zewebhu zilula ukukhumbula amagama afana ne- www. , kunoko usenokusebenzisa idilesi ye-IP enegama lomninimzi, njenge-https://151.101.1.121) ukufikelela kwiwebhusayithi efanayo. Oku kungenxa yokuba usengenawo umncedisi omnye ngendlela enye - indlela enye (usebenzisa igama) kulula ukukhumbula.
Kuloo nqaku, ukuba kukho naluphi uhlobo lokukhupha ngefowuni yakho edibanisa iseva ye-DNS, ungayigqitha rhoqo ngokufaka idilesi ye-IP kwibha yeedilesi endaweni yegama lomninimzi. Uninzi lwabantu alugcini uluhlu lwendawo lwendawo yee-intanethi ezihambelana nama-hostname, nangona kunjalo, kuba emva koko, yinjongo yonke yokusebenzisa iseva ye-DNS kwindawo yokuqala.
Qaphela: Oku akusebenzisanga nayo yonke idilesi kunye nedilesi ye-IP kuba ezinye iinkonzo zewebhu ziye zabelana ngokusekwa kokubamba, oku kuthetha ukuba ukufikelela kwidilesi ye-IP yomncedisi kwi-browser yewebhu akuchazi ukuba yeyiphi iphepha, ngokukhethekileyo, kufuneka livule.
"Inombolo yefowuni" yokujonga idilesi ye-IP esekelwe kwigama lomninzi libizwa ngokuba yi- DNS lookup phambili . Ngokuchaseneyo, i- DNS lookup elandelelanayo , yinto enye enokuthi yenziwe ngamaseva e-DNS. Le yilapho igama lomninimzi lichongwa ngekheli layo le-IP. Olu hlobo lokukhangela luthembela kwingcamango yokuba idilesi ye-IP edibeneyo negama lomninimzi we-host is IP address ye-static.
Iinkcukacha zeDNS zigcina izinto ezininzi ngokubhekisele kwii-IP kunye ne-hostnames. Ukuba uke wakha i-imeyile kwiwebhusayithi okanye udlulisele igama le-domain, ungasebenzisa ngokwemiqathango efana negama legama lesizinda (CNAME) kunye ne-SMTP mail exchange exchange (MX).